Active filters amplify desired signals while rejecting unwanted frequencies, and can be tailored to meet application-specific requirements in electronics.
Amplifiers boost signal strength, match impedance levels, and are essential in many circuit systems, including audio, broadcasting, and telecommunications.
Batteries store and provide electrical energy, come in various types and sizes for multiple uses, rechargeable or single-use.
Capacitors store electrical charge with metallic plates and a dielectric; types vary and can be combined for specific circuit characteristics.
Chip carriers and sockets provide an interface between components and PCBs, enabling easy replacement or upgrading without soldering.
Circuit protection devices prevent damage from overcurrent flow, including fuses, breakers, surge protectors, and voltage regulators.
Connector accessories and support devices aid connector function and longevity, including backshells, grips, clamps, and ties; must be compatible with connector type.
Connectors join electronic circuits to transfer signals and power, come in various sizes and shapes, and include support accessories.
Converters transform DC input to another voltage level, essential in electronic systems, renewable energy, and automotive electronics.
Crystals and resonators generate and stabilize frequency signals via piezoelectricity. They are used in timing, frequency control, and filters. Crystals are quartz and resonators are ceramic with a built-in capacitor.
Semiconductor diodes control current flow in one direction (uni-directionality) via low resistance. Useful for rectification, voltage regulation, detection, and digital logic.
Discover essential electronic components for your devices, including CPU accelerators, system cache controllers, computer processors, motherboards, and graphics computing systems. Enhance device performance and connectivity with reliable components engineered for seamless integration and optimal functionality.
Fiber optics use light pulses to transmit data over long distances. They have superior bandwidth capacity, low signal attenuation, and secure physical properties. They are essential in telecommunications networks today.
Filters enhance signal processing by selectively passing desired frequencies while suppressing unwanted ones. Filters can be passive (using capacitors, resistors, and inductors) or active (using transistors or amplifiers).
Flash devices are non-volatile storage solutions that offer fast read and write speeds, making them ideal for applications requiring high-speed data transfer. These devices utilize flash memory technology, providing reliable storage for data-intensive tasks such as gaming, multimedia, and enterprise-level applications.
General purpose ICs consist of multiple individual circuits or components (e.g., logic gates, amplifiers, oscillators, etc.) that are combined onto a single integrated circuit chip for a smaller physical footprint.
I/O and storage controllers are crucial components in computer systems, managing input/output operations and storage devices. These controllers facilitate efficient data transfer between peripherals, storage drives, and the central processing unit (CPU), enhancing system performance and enabling seamless connectivity.
Inductors store energy in magnetic fields, oppose sudden changes in current flow and prevent electrical surges. Common inductor applications include power supplies, signal filters, and oscillators.
Interface ICs allow efficient device connectivity with high-speed data transfer and low power consumption.They can be ASIC or FPGA types, and may perform additional functions such as sensing, storage, and conversion.
Logic ICs can be used for storage, memory, amplification, and multiplexing. They perform fundamental logical operations on digital input signals (1, 0, H, L) to generate a corresponding digital output signal.
Memory modules are essential components in electronic devices, storing data temporarily or permanently for processing and retrieval. From volatile RAM (Random Access Memory) to non-volatile ROM (Read-Only Memory), memory technologies vary in speed, capacity, and functionality, catering to diverse application requirements.
Memory ICs store digital data and retain the information even when the power is turned off. They come in various types, like RAM (Random Access Memory) for fast data access, and ROM (Read-Only Memory) for permanent data storage.
Miscellaneous semiconductor components are a diverse category of electronic components that combines elements from a mix of component devices.
Optoelectronic devices interact with light. This family of devices can emit light, detect light, generate current, and transmit light signals for long-distance communication.
Oscillators generate repetitive waveforms, such as sine, square, or triangle waves. They are commonly used to produce stable and precise frequencies for applications like clocks, signal generation, and communication systems.
Other Function Semiconductor components are a diverse category of semiconductor components that perform a range of specialized functions.
Passive component networks operate without a power source and support data transmission within system by performing filtering, energy storage, and/or signal coupling functions.
Peripheral ICs (Integrated Circuits) are designed to control and manage the peripheral devices connected to a computer or other electronic device.
Programmable Logic ICs are user-programmable devices that allow designers to create custom logic circuits. These cost saving ICs offer real-time data processing and maximum design flexibilty.
RF (Radio Frequency) and microwave devices are used in telecommunications, wireless communications, and electronic systems. These devices include amplifiers, attenuators, filters, mixers, oscillators, and antennas, and a host of other components.
Voltage regulators are used to ensure a constant output voltage despite power fluctuations and load changes. Linear and switching regulators are common types used to maintain voltage stability.
Relays are electromagnetic switches that are used to control the flow of electrical current in an electrical circuit. Relays are a safe means of providing isolation between a controlling circuit and a controlled circuit.
Resistors control the flow of electrical current in a circuit by introducing a set resistance. These passive components reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, and bias active elements in circuits.
Transducers convert energy from one form to another and are crucial in sensing, audio and control systems. They transform physical measures like temperature, pressure, or sound into electrical signals for circuits.
Storage drives are hardware devices used to store and retrieve digital data in computers and electronic devices. These drives come in various forms, including hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), and hybrid drives, offering different levels of capacity, speed, and durability to suit specific storage needs.
Storage media encompass physical or digital mediums used for storing and preserving digital data. From optical discs and magnetic tapes to USB flash drives and memory cards, storage media come in diverse formats and capacities, offering flexibility and reliability for data storage and archival purposes.
Storage systems comprise hardware and software components designed to manage and store digital data efficiently. These systems range from simple standalone devices to complex network-attached storage (NAS) and storage area network (SAN) solutions, providing scalable storage capacity and data protection features for businesses and enterprises.
Switches control electrical current flow by making or breaking connections. These devices vary in design and application, from basic on/off switches to complex industrial automation systems.
Telecom integrated circuits (ICs) are specialized electronics for telecommunications, tailored to high data rates, low power use, and reliable long-distance transmission. These devices include amplifiers, filters, ADCs, DACs, and more-- and they are often integrated on one chip for specific telecom tasks.
Terminal blocks, or connection terminals, are modular blocks that bring together multiple electrical wires at one connection point. They offer a reliable, organized way to terminate cables.
Thermal management devices control heat in electronic systems, preventing overheating and ensuring optimal performance and reliability. Examples include heat sinks, fans, and thermal interface materials that dissipate or transfer heat away from components.
Transformers are devices that alter electrical voltage levels between circuits through electromagnetic induction. They are vital in power distribution, converting high-voltage electricity for transmission and lower voltage for safe usage.
Transistors are 3-layer semiconductor devices that regulate the flow of electrical current. They function as amplifiers, boosting weak signals, and as switches, controlling the flow of current between terminals.
Triggering devices initiate electronic processes or events in response to specific conditions. These devices support many automated tasks such as activating switches and signals, or turning on lights when motion is detected.
Video cards, also known as graphics cards or GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), are essential components in computers, responsible for rendering graphics and images on display devices. These cards feature dedicated processors and memory, delivering smooth and immersive visual experiences for gaming, multimedia, and professional applications.
Choose from over than a million of proven quality materials. Over 300 manufacturers are presented. From renowned major international players to small independent companies with a proven track record in local markets.
Featured manufacturers
PAL20L8A-2CFN by Texas Instruments is a TTL technology-based PLD with 20 inputs and 8 outputs. It operates at a nominal voltage of 5V, has 64 product terms, and offers combinatorial output function. This programmable IC in chip carrier package is ideal for commercial applications requiring PAL-type architecture.
Median Price
-
Lifecycle Status
Suppliers In-Stock
2
In-Stock Inventory
1k+
Vyrian
1+ parts
100+ parts
1k+ parts
10k+ parts
Digiode
One Stop Electronics
$7.000
AZTECH Wire
$14.546
Parana Technologies
$130.480
DigiPath Technology Company
$143.675
$132.181
ChromeModa Solutions
$146.607
$120.218
IDEA Electronic Components Group
$139.277
$131.946
Corphita
PLASTIC/EPOXY material ensures durability and reliability of the product, making it suitable for various environments.
Surface mount technology allows for easy and efficient installation on circuit boards, saving time and effort during assembly.
TTL technology provides fast switching speeds and low power consumption, making the PLD efficient in terms of performance and energy usage.
With 20 inputs, the PLD can handle a wide range of input signals, enhancing flexibility in design and functionality.
The square package shape allows for easy integration into circuit layouts, optimizing space utilization on the PCB.
Operating at a nominal supply voltage of 5V ensures compatibility with standard power sources, making it easy to incorporate into existing systems.
The combinatorial output function allows for flexible logic operations, enabling the PLD to perform a variety of tasks efficiently.
With 8 outputs, the PLD can drive multiple devices or subsystems, enhancing the versatility and scalability of the product.
Programmable Logic Devices (PLD) PAL20L8A-2CFN attributes and parameters. Explore more Programmable Logic Devices (PLD) devices from Texas Instruments
Programmable IC Type:
No. of Outputs:
Output Function:
No. of Inputs:
No. of Product Terms:
Technology:
Architecture:
Sub-Category:
Nominal Supply Voltage:
Power Supplies (V):
Maximum Operating Temperature:
Minimum Operating Temperature:
Temprature Grade:
Package Body Material:
Package Style (Meter):
Package Code:
Package Shape:
Package Equivalence Code:
Terminal Position:
Terminal Form:
No. of Terminals:
Terminal Pitch:
JESD-30 Code:
Qualified:
PAL20L8A-2CFN Programmable ICs trade compliance attributes, and parameters.
HTS
8542.39.00.01
SB
8542.39.00.00
Texas Instruments Inc. (TI) is one of the world's leading semiconductor companies and a global leader in analog and digital signal processing technology. The company has had a major impact on the electronics industry for over 80 years, manufacturing integrated circuits (ICs), software and subsystems that leverage high-performance computing capabilities. It offers an extensive portfolio of solutions for a wide range of industries, from aerospace to medical devices and consumer products to communication systems. Over its long history, TI has become synonymous with quality, reliability and innovation. Today, TI is one of the largest semiconductor companies in the world with operations in more than 30 countries across six continents.
President, CEO
Haviv Ilan
Chairman
Richard K. Templeton
Senior VP, CFO
Rafael R. Lizardi
M - Fab
Fabrication
Fab Initiation
1997
USA
South Portland
Wafer Capacity
32,000
D - FAB
1966
Dallas
42,000
D MOS - 6
2002
25,000
D MOS - 5
1995
75,000
Miho - 8
1980
Japan
Inashiki
43,000
S FAB 1
Sherman
91,000
F - FAB
2001
Germany
Freising
37,000
R Fab 1
2010
Richardson
40,000
D HC Line
1999
2,000
JV3
Aizu Wakamatsu
45,000
C - FAB
2007
China
Chengdu
30,000
L - Fab
2015
Lehi
70,000
R - Fab 2
2022
S - FAB 2
2025
S - FAB 3
2028
1N4148
Vishay Telefunken
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: AXIAL; Terminal Form: WIRE; No. of Terminals: 2; Surface Mount: NO; Package Shape: ROUND;
SMBJ18CA
Diodes Incorporated
TRANS VOLTAGE SUPPRESSOR DIODE; Terminal Position: DUAL; Terminal Form: C BEND; No. of Terminals: 2; Surface Mount: YES; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
SBAV99LT1G
Onsemi
SBAV99LT1G by Onsemi is a rectifier diode with a max repetitive peak reverse voltage of 100V. It has a small outline package style and a fast max reverse recovery time of 0.006 us. It is commonly used in applications requiring low power dissipation and high operating temperatures.
Mde Semiconductor
Hitachi
1N4148WT
Good-ark Electronics
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: DUAL; Terminal Form: FLAT; No. of Terminals: 2; Surface Mount: YES; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
2N7002
Changzhou Galaxy Century Microelectronics
N-CHANNEL; Configuration: SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE; Surface Mount: YES; Minimum DS Breakdown Voltage: 60 V; Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s): NOT SPECIFIED; No. of Terminals: 3;
OHN3020U
Tt Electronics Plc
OHN3020U by Tt Electronics Plc is a magnetic field sensor with a max supply voltage of 24V and hysteresis of 5mT. It features an output range of 25mA and operates in temperatures ranging from -20 to 85°C. Ideal for applications requiring precise detection and measurement of magnetic fields, such as automotive sensors or industrial automation systems.
Yangzhou Yangjie Electronics
TRANS VOLTAGE SUPPRESSOR DIODE; Surface Mount: YES; Maximum Clamping Voltage: 29.2 V; Nominal Breakdown Voltage: 21.05 V; Maximum Repetitive Peak Reverse Voltage: 18 V; Polarity: BIDIRECTIONAL;
LM555CN
PULSE; RECTANGULAR; Temperature Grade: COMMERCIAL; No. of Terminals: 8; Package Code: DIP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: NO;
Semtech
Hy Electronic
MMBT2907ALT1G
Rochester Electronics
PNP; Configuration: SINGLE; Surface Mount: YES; Nominal Transition Frequency (fT): 200 MHz; Maximum Collector Current (IC): .6 A; Terminal Form: GULL WING;
Calogic
N-CHANNEL; Configuration: SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE; Surface Mount: YES; Maximum Power Dissipation (Abs): .2 W; Peak Reflow Temperature (C): NOT SPECIFIED; Terminal Position: DUAL;
SS495A-SP
Honeywell Sensing And Control
SS495A-SP by Honeywell is a magnetic field sensor with 10.5V max supply voltage, 3" body width, and 1.5% linearity. Ideal for applications requiring a Hall effect sensor with -40 to 150°C operating temperature range, such as position sensing in automotive or industrial systems.
IRLML6402TRPBF
International Rectifier
P-CHANNEL; Configuration: SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE; Surface Mount: YES; Maximum Power Dissipation (Abs): 1.3 W; Peak Reflow Temperature (C): 260; Package Style (Meter): SMALL OUTLINE;
ULN2803ADWG4
Texas Instruments
ULN2803ADWG4 by Texas Instruments is a peripheral driver with 8 functions, open-collector output characteristics, and built-in transient protections. It operates at temperatures ranging from -40 to 85°C and has a max supply voltage of 3V. Ideal for applications requiring sink current flow direction in a small outline package style.
BAV99
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: DUAL; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 3; Surface Mount: YES; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
FDD5614P
Fairchild Semiconductor
P-CHANNEL; Configuration: SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE; Surface Mount: YES; Maximum Power Dissipation (Abs): 42 W; Terminal Position: SINGLE; Terminal Form: GULL WING;
ISPLSI1048E-70LQN
Lattice Semiconductor
ISPLSI1048E-70LQN by Lattice Semiconductor is a PLD with 192 macro cells, 96 I/O lines, and 18.5 ns propagation delay. It is used for applications requiring in-system programmability, such as digital signal processing and control systems. The device operates at temperatures ranging from 0 to 70°C and has a max clock frequency of 56 MHz.
EPM7064AETI44-7N
Intel
Intel's EPM7064AETI44-7N is a 64-macrocell EE PLD with 36 I/O lines, operating at up to 135.1 MHz clock frequency. It features a propagation delay of 7.5 ns and can handle a max supply voltage of 3.6 V. Ideal for industrial applications requiring in-system programmability and JTAG boundary scan testing capabilities.
XC95144XL-7TQ144C
Xilinx
The Xilinx XC95144XL-7TQ144C is a 144 macrocell FLASH PLD with 117 inputs/outputs. It operates at a max clock frequency of 125 MHz, with a propagation delay of 7.5 ns. Ideal for applications requiring in-system programmability and high-speed data processing in commercial-grade environments.
ATF22V10CQZ-20XU
Microchip Technology
ATF22V10CQZ-20XU by Microchip Technology is a CMOS-based PLD with 22 inputs, 10 I/O lines, and 10 outputs. It has a propagation delay of 20ns, operates at a max clock frequency of 38.5MHz, and is suitable for industrial applications requiring programmable logic devices in small outline packages.
EPM240ZM100C7N
The Intel EPM240ZM100C7N is a 192 macrocell FLASH PLD with 80 inputs/outputs, 12 ns propagation delay, and CMOS technology. Ideal for applications requiring in-system programmability, it features a grid array package style and JTAG boundary scan test capability.
5M240ZT100A5N
Altera
FLASH PLD; Grading Of Temperature: INDUSTRIAL; Form Of Terminal: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 100; Package Code: QFP; Package Shape: SQUARE;
ATF1508ASL-25AU100
Atmel
EE PLD; Grading Of Temperature: INDUSTRIAL; Form Of Terminal: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 100; Package Code: TFQFP; Package Shape: SQUARE;
XC2C128-7VQ100I
XC2C128-7VQ100I by Xilinx is a 128 macrocell FLASH PLD with 80 I/O lines, operating at up to 119 MHz. It features a propagation delay of 7.5 ns and can handle a max supply voltage of 1.9 V. Ideal for industrial applications requiring in-system programmability and JTAG boundary scan testing capabilities.
5M160ZE64A5N
The Intel 5M160ZE64A5N is a PLD with 128 macro cells and 14ns propagation delay. It uses CMOS technology, operates at -40 to 105°C, and has in-system programmability. Ideal for industrial applications requiring high-speed logic processing in a compact form factor.
5M80ZT100A5N
XC95288XL-10FGG256I
The Xilinx XC95288XL-10FGG256I is a FLASH PLD with 288 macro cells, 192 inputs/outputs, and 100 MHz clock frequency. It is ideal for industrial applications requiring in-system programmability, JTAG boundary scan testing, and a wide operating temperature range from -40 to 85°C.
EPM2210F256I5N
FLASH PLD; Form Of Terminal: BALL; No. of Terminals: 256; Package Code: BGA; Package Shape: SQUARE; Maximum Supply Voltage: 2.625 V;
EPF6024ATC144-2N
LOADABLE PLD; Grading Of Temperature: OTHER; Form Of Terminal: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 144; Package Code: LFQFP; Package Shape: SQUARE;
LCMXO640C-3TN100I4W
LCMXO640C-3TN100I4W by Lattice: 640 logic cells, 4.9 ns propagation delay, 388 MHz clock freq. Ideal for PLD applications with 74 I/O lines, CMOS tech, and low profile flatpack package style.
EPM3512AQI208-10N
EPM3512AQI208-10N by Intel is a 512 macrocell EE PLD with 10ns propagation delay. It operates at a max supply voltage of 3.6V and has 172 I/O lines for versatile applications. This in-system programmable device is ideal for industrial use due to its wide temperature range of -40°C to 85°C.
LC4032ZC-5TN48C
LC4032ZC-5TN48C by Lattice Semiconductor is a 32 macrocell EE PLD with 36 inputs and 32 outputs. It has a propagation delay of 5 ns, operates at max clock frequency of 156 MHz, and supports JTAG boundary scan test. Ideal for applications requiring in-system programmability and high-speed digital logic functions.
EPM240M100C5N
FLASH PLD; Grading Of Temperature: OTHER; Form Of Terminal: BALL; No. of Terminals: 100; Package Code: BGA; Package Shape: SQUARE;
EPM240T100C3N
Intel's EPM240T100C3N is a PLD with 192 macro cells, 80 inputs/outputs, and 4.7ns propagation delay. Ideal for applications requiring fast processing speeds and high input/output capabilities in compact designs.
ATF1508AS-10QU100
ATF1508AS-10QU100 by Microchip Technology is a PLD with 128 macro cells, 80 I/O lines, and 10 ns propagation delay. It is used for applications requiring in-system programmability, with a max clock frequency of 125 MHz and industrial-grade temperature tolerance.
XC2C64A-7VQG44C
XC2C64A-7VQG44C by Xilinx is a programmable logic device (PLD) with 64 macro cells. It uses CMOS technology and has a max clock frequency of 200 MHz. This PLD is commonly used for in-system programmable applications requiring high-speed processing.
Partstack™ will investigate all reported instances of potential suspect/counterfeit part listings.
DS160PT801ACBR
DS160PT801ACBR by Texas Instruments is a bus controller IC with 339 terminals, operating at -40 to 85°C. It supports PCI bus compatibility with a data transfer rate of 2000 MBps. This CMOS technology device has a thin profile and fine pitch package suitable for industrial applications.
LMR43610MSC3RPERQ1
LMR43610MSC3RPERQ1 by Texas Instruments is a 9-terminal switching regulator with a max output voltage of 32V and max output current of 1A. Ideal for automotive applications, it operates b/w -40 to 150°C, featuring a buck switcher config and PWM control mode at up to 2200kHz frequency.
DRV8316RRGFR
DRV8316RRGFR by Texas Instruments is a motion control IC with a rectangular package and a terminal form of gull wing. It has a max output current of 8A and can operate at temperatures ranging from -40 to 125°C. This IC is commonly used as a brushless DC motor controller in automotive applications.
DRV3255EPAPRQ1
DRV3255EPAPRQ1 by Texas Instruments is a Motion Control IC with 64 terminals, operating at -40 to 150°C. It is an AEC-Q100 compliant automotive-grade IC for Brushless DC Motor control, supporting supply voltages from 5V to 90V and output currents up to 3.5A. The package style includes a flatpack with heat sink/slug, suitable for surface mount applications in automotive systems.
TPS7A4301DGQR
TPS7A4301DGQR by Texas Instruments is an adjustable positive single output LDO regulator with a max output voltage of 14.5V and a dropout voltage of 0.6V. It operates in temperatures ranging from -40 to 125°C, making it suitable for various applications requiring precise voltage regulation in compact spaces.
UCC27284DRCR
UCC27284DRCR by Texas Instruments is a MOSFET gate driver with 2 channels, capable of handling a max output current of 3.5A. It operates in automotive-grade temperatures (-40 to 125°C) and has a turn-on/off time of 30µs. This chip carrier package with very thin profile is suitable for high side driver applications requiring fast switching speeds.
CC2662R1FTWRGZRQ1
CC2662R1FTWRGZRQ1 by Texas Instruments is a 32-bit microcontroller with Cortex-M4F CPU, 48 MHz clock frequency, and 81920 bytes of RAM. Ideal for industrial applications, it features 8 ADC channels, 32 DMA channels, and peripherals like AES and PWM for efficient system integration.
PAL20L8AMJW
OT PLD; Grading Of Temperature: MILITARY; Form Of Terminal: THROUGH-HOLE; No. of Terminals: 24; Package Code: DIP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
PAL20L8ACFN
OT PLD; Grading Of Temperature: COMMERCIAL; Form Of Terminal: J BEND; No. of Terminals: 28; Package Code: QCCJ; Package Shape: SQUARE;
PAL20L8A-2CNT
OT PLD; Grading Of Temperature: COMMERCIAL; Form Of Terminal: THROUGH-HOLE; No. of Terminals: 24; Package Code: DIP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
PAL20L8AMFK
OT PLD; Grading Of Temperature: MILITARY; Form Of Terminal: NO LEAD; No. of Terminals: 28; Package Code: QCCN; Package Shape: SQUARE;
PAL20L8ACN
OT PLD; Grading Of Temperature: COMMERCIAL; Form Of Terminal: THROUGH-HOLE; No. of Terminals: 20; Package Code: DIP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
PAL20L8A-2MJW
PAL20L8AMJWB
PAL20L8-5NC
OT PLD; Grading Of Temperature: COMMERCIAL EXTENDED; Form Of Terminal: THROUGH-HOLE; No. of Terminals: 24; Package Code: DIP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
PAL20L8ACJW
PAL20L8A-2MFH
PAL20L8AMFH
OT PLD; Grading Of Temperature: MILITARY; Form Of Terminal: J BEND; No. of Terminals: 28; Package Code: QCCJ; Package Shape: SQUARE;
PAL20L8ACNT
PAL20L8A-2MFKB
PAL20L8AMFKB
PAL20L8A-2CJW
PAL20L8A-2MJWB
PAL20L8-25CNL
PAL20L8A-2MFK
PAL20L8AJM/883C
PAL20L8A-2ML/883B
Advanced Micro Devices
Supply Digital Components
$106.00
$54.25
$11.90
$7.29
Quantity
12,000 In-Stock
Total price ≈ $80,197.29
© 2023 All rights reserved