Active filters amplify desired signals while rejecting unwanted frequencies, and can be tailored to meet application-specific requirements in electronics.
Amplifiers boost signal strength, match impedance levels, and are essential in many circuit systems, including audio, broadcasting, and telecommunications.
Batteries store and provide electrical energy, come in various types and sizes for multiple uses, rechargeable or single-use.
Capacitors store electrical charge with metallic plates and a dielectric; types vary and can be combined for specific circuit characteristics.
Chip carriers and sockets provide an interface between components and PCBs, enabling easy replacement or upgrading without soldering.
Circuit protection devices prevent damage from overcurrent flow, including fuses, breakers, surge protectors, and voltage regulators.
Connector accessories and support devices aid connector function and longevity, including backshells, grips, clamps, and ties; must be compatible with connector type.
Connectors join electronic circuits to transfer signals and power, come in various sizes and shapes, and include support accessories.
Converters transform DC input to another voltage level, essential in electronic systems, renewable energy, and automotive electronics.
Crystals and resonators generate and stabilize frequency signals via piezoelectricity. They are used in timing, frequency control, and filters. Crystals are quartz and resonators are ceramic with a built-in capacitor.
Semiconductor diodes control current flow in one direction (uni-directionality) via low resistance. Useful for rectification, voltage regulation, detection, and digital logic.
Discover essential electronic components for your devices, including CPU accelerators, system cache controllers, computer processors, motherboards, and graphics computing systems. Enhance device performance and connectivity with reliable components engineered for seamless integration and optimal functionality.
Fiber optics use light pulses to transmit data over long distances. They have superior bandwidth capacity, low signal attenuation, and secure physical properties. They are essential in telecommunications networks today.
Filters enhance signal processing by selectively passing desired frequencies while suppressing unwanted ones. Filters can be passive (using capacitors, resistors, and inductors) or active (using transistors or amplifiers).
Flash devices are non-volatile storage solutions that offer fast read and write speeds, making them ideal for applications requiring high-speed data transfer. These devices utilize flash memory technology, providing reliable storage for data-intensive tasks such as gaming, multimedia, and enterprise-level applications.
General purpose ICs consist of multiple individual circuits or components (e.g., logic gates, amplifiers, oscillators, etc.) that are combined onto a single integrated circuit chip for a smaller physical footprint.
I/O and storage controllers are crucial components in computer systems, managing input/output operations and storage devices. These controllers facilitate efficient data transfer between peripherals, storage drives, and the central processing unit (CPU), enhancing system performance and enabling seamless connectivity.
Inductors store energy in magnetic fields, oppose sudden changes in current flow and prevent electrical surges. Common inductor applications include power supplies, signal filters, and oscillators.
Interface ICs allow efficient device connectivity with high-speed data transfer and low power consumption.They can be ASIC or FPGA types, and may perform additional functions such as sensing, storage, and conversion.
Logic ICs can be used for storage, memory, amplification, and multiplexing. They perform fundamental logical operations on digital input signals (1, 0, H, L) to generate a corresponding digital output signal.
Memory modules are essential components in electronic devices, storing data temporarily or permanently for processing and retrieval. From volatile RAM (Random Access Memory) to non-volatile ROM (Read-Only Memory), memory technologies vary in speed, capacity, and functionality, catering to diverse application requirements.
Memory ICs store digital data and retain the information even when the power is turned off. They come in various types, like RAM (Random Access Memory) for fast data access, and ROM (Read-Only Memory) for permanent data storage.
Miscellaneous semiconductor components are a diverse category of electronic components that combines elements from a mix of component devices.
Optoelectronic devices interact with light. This family of devices can emit light, detect light, generate current, and transmit light signals for long-distance communication.
Oscillators generate repetitive waveforms, such as sine, square, or triangle waves. They are commonly used to produce stable and precise frequencies for applications like clocks, signal generation, and communication systems.
Other Function Semiconductor components are a diverse category of semiconductor components that perform a range of specialized functions.
Passive component networks operate without a power source and support data transmission within system by performing filtering, energy storage, and/or signal coupling functions.
Peripheral ICs (Integrated Circuits) are designed to control and manage the peripheral devices connected to a computer or other electronic device.
Programmable Logic ICs are user-programmable devices that allow designers to create custom logic circuits. These cost saving ICs offer real-time data processing and maximum design flexibilty.
RF (Radio Frequency) and microwave devices are used in telecommunications, wireless communications, and electronic systems. These devices include amplifiers, attenuators, filters, mixers, oscillators, and antennas, and a host of other components.
Voltage regulators are used to ensure a constant output voltage despite power fluctuations and load changes. Linear and switching regulators are common types used to maintain voltage stability.
Relays are electromagnetic switches that are used to control the flow of electrical current in an electrical circuit. Relays are a safe means of providing isolation between a controlling circuit and a controlled circuit.
Resistors control the flow of electrical current in a circuit by introducing a set resistance. These passive components reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, and bias active elements in circuits.
Transducers convert energy from one form to another and are crucial in sensing, audio and control systems. They transform physical measures like temperature, pressure, or sound into electrical signals for circuits.
Storage drives are hardware devices used to store and retrieve digital data in computers and electronic devices. These drives come in various forms, including hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), and hybrid drives, offering different levels of capacity, speed, and durability to suit specific storage needs.
Storage media encompass physical or digital mediums used for storing and preserving digital data. From optical discs and magnetic tapes to USB flash drives and memory cards, storage media come in diverse formats and capacities, offering flexibility and reliability for data storage and archival purposes.
Storage systems comprise hardware and software components designed to manage and store digital data efficiently. These systems range from simple standalone devices to complex network-attached storage (NAS) and storage area network (SAN) solutions, providing scalable storage capacity and data protection features for businesses and enterprises.
Switches control electrical current flow by making or breaking connections. These devices vary in design and application, from basic on/off switches to complex industrial automation systems.
Telecom integrated circuits (ICs) are specialized electronics for telecommunications, tailored to high data rates, low power use, and reliable long-distance transmission. These devices include amplifiers, filters, ADCs, DACs, and more-- and they are often integrated on one chip for specific telecom tasks.
Terminal blocks, or connection terminals, are modular blocks that bring together multiple electrical wires at one connection point. They offer a reliable, organized way to terminate cables.
Thermal management devices control heat in electronic systems, preventing overheating and ensuring optimal performance and reliability. Examples include heat sinks, fans, and thermal interface materials that dissipate or transfer heat away from components.
Transformers are devices that alter electrical voltage levels between circuits through electromagnetic induction. They are vital in power distribution, converting high-voltage electricity for transmission and lower voltage for safe usage.
Transistors are 3-layer semiconductor devices that regulate the flow of electrical current. They function as amplifiers, boosting weak signals, and as switches, controlling the flow of current between terminals.
Triggering devices initiate electronic processes or events in response to specific conditions. These devices support many automated tasks such as activating switches and signals, or turning on lights when motion is detected.
Video cards, also known as graphics cards or GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), are essential components in computers, responsible for rendering graphics and images on display devices. These cards feature dedicated processors and memory, delivering smooth and immersive visual experiences for gaming, multimedia, and professional applications.
Choose from over than a million of proven quality materials. Over 300 manufacturers are presented. From renowned major international players to small independent companies with a proven track record in local markets.
Featured manufacturers
ST7538Q by STMicroelectronics is a modem IC with 44 terminals, operating at -40 to 85°C. It has a supply voltage of 5V and data rate of 0.0048 Mbps. Ideal for telecom applications, this BCDMOS technology chip comes in a low-profile flatpack package with nickel palladium gold finish.
Median Price
$7.452
Lifecycle Status
Suppliers In-Stock
8
In-Stock Inventory
1k+
Arrow
1+ parts
-
100+ parts
1k+ parts
$6.995
10k+ parts
Verical
$7.909
Nova Conductors
$8.330
Vyrian
Chip Stock
Digiode
Anansix
Ashlea Components Ltd
Ampacity Inc.
$5.950
Semicontronic
$5.801
$5.772
IDEA Electronic Components Group
$7.064
$6.357
AZTECH Wire
$7.549
Continental Prestige Electronics
$8.163
Vigor
$9.870
Aztec Data Supply Inc.
$13.250
MKK Technologies
$13.283
DigiPath Technology Company
Corohmni
$14.836
Microchip USA
$21.870
$21.560
$21.410
$21.250
A-Z Elektronik GmbH
Authorized Procurement Solutions
Perfect Parts
Infinite Electronics LLP (Excess)
Lixinc
Parana Technologies
$8.446
Netroflash
$7.913
$7.747
Kepictronics
Eastek
$13.140
Corphita
Glotronic Ltd.
Argo Parts USA
The use of plastic/epoxy material makes the modem lightweight and durable for long-term use.
Being surface mountable allows for easy integration into various electronic devices or circuit boards.
Having 44 terminals provides flexibility in connecting the modem to other components for efficient data transmission.
The modem can operate efficiently even in high-temperature environments, ensuring reliability under various conditions.
The nominal supply voltage of 5V is common in many electronic systems, making this modem compatible with a wide range of devices.
The modem's data rate of 0.0048 Mbps allows for fast and efficient data transfer, making it suitable for high-speed internet connections.
Modems ST7538Q attributes and parameters. Explore more Modems devices from STMicroelectronics
Data Rate:
JESD-30 Code:
JESD-609 Code:
Length:
Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL):
No. of Functions:
No. of Terminals:
Maximum Operating Temperature:
Minimum Operating Temperature:
Package Body Material:
Package Code:
Package Equivalence Code:
Package Shape:
Package Style (Meter):
Peak Reflow Temperature (C):
Power Supplies (V):
Qualification:
Maximum Seated Height:
Sub-Category:
Nominal Supply Voltage:
Surface Mount:
Technology:
Telecom IC Type:
Temperature Grade:
Terminal Finish:
Terminal Form:
Terminal Pitch:
Terminal Position:
Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s):
Width:
ST7538Q Telecommunications trade compliance attributes, and parameters.
ECCN
EAR99
ECCN Governance
EAR
HTS
8542.39.00.01
SB
8542.39.00.00
PCN Design/Specification - Mult Dev Mold Comp Chg 18/Dec/2017
PCN Packaging - Box Label Chg 28/Jul/2016 Mult Dev Carrier Tape Chg 20/Jul/2021 Material Barrier Bag 17/Dec/2020
STMicroelectronics is a global leader in the semiconductor manufacturing industry, with over 35 years of experience providing innovative and advanced technologies for customers around the world. Headquartered in Netherlands, STMicroelectronics has more than 51,323 employees worldwide and operates across 32 countries all over Europe, Asia-Pacific and the Americas. The company’s portfolio includes integrated circuits, discrete components, application-specific standard products, and computer chipsets. STMicroelectronics serves a wide range of industries such as automotive, consumer markets, healthcare and industrial applications.
President, CEO
Jean-Marc Chery
President, CFO, Finance, Purchasing,Enterprise Risk Management & Resilience
Lorenzo Grandi
President, Sales & Marketing
Jerome Roux
Castelletto
Fabrication
Fab Initiation
1968
Italy
Wafer Capacity
SGFAB AMK 6
2000
Singapore
29,000
AG200
Agrate Brianza
14,000
RST 8
France
Rousset
35,000
Crolles 1
1993
Crolles
30,000
Crolles 2-ext. mod 5
Crolles 2-ext. mod 2
2022
Crolles 2-ext. mod 3
2023
Crolles 2
2004
28,000
1985
SiC Fab
2006
Sweden
Norrköping
10,000
Fab 3
2005
Tours
2,000
Fab 1 & Fab 2
1978
55,000
Fab 2
1997
Catania
SGFAB-AMK 6E
2003
145,000
SGFAB-AMJ 9
1984
152,000
AG300 (R3)
1980
25,000
1987
34,000
AG300
2024
Crolles 2-ext. mod 1
2020
Fab 1 6-inch fab
2013
11,000
SiC 6-inch line
2021
2,500
200mm GaN
2018
SGFAB-AMK 8
2001
Crolles 2- JV Fab
SGFAB-AMK 6
2016
38,125
SGFAB-AMK 2E
2010
20,000
Silicon Carbide A.B.
SiC wafer/EPI Fab
SiC Device Fab
2025
1N4148
Micro Commercial Components
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: AXIAL; Terminal Form: WIRE; No. of Terminals: 2; Surface Mount: NO; Package Shape: ROUND;
2N7002-T1-E3
Vishay Intertechnology
Vishay Intertechnology's 2N7002-T1-E3 is a N-CHANNEL FET for SWITCHING applications. Features include 60V DS Breakdown Voltage, 0.115A Drain Current, and 7.5 ohm On Resistance. With ENHANCEMENT MODE operation, this GULL WING transistor is ideal for small outline surface mount designs up to 150°C.
ULN2803A
Allegro MicroSystems
NPN; Configuration: 8 BANKS, DARLINGTON WITH BUILT-IN DIODE AND RESISTOR; Surface Mount: NO; Maximum Collector Current (IC): .5 A; Maximum Operating Temperature: 85 Cel; Terminal Form: THROUGH-HOLE;
LIS2DH12TR
STMicroelectronics
LIS2DH12TR by STMicroelectronics is a 3-axis accelerometer with digital voltage output. It operates b/w -40 to 85°C, with supply voltage range of 1.71-3.6V. Ideal for applications requiring precise motion sensing in compact spaces like wearables and IoT devices.
1N4148WS
Vishay Intertechnology's 1N4148WS is a single rectifier diode with a max forward voltage of 1V and output current of 0.15A. With a fast reverse recovery time of 0.004us, it operates up to 150°C. Ideal for applications requiring high-speed switching and low power consumption in surface mount configurations.
LM7805CT
Integrated Circuit Technology
Other Regulators; No. of Terminals: 3; Maximum Input Voltage Absolute: 35 V; Maximum Voltage Tolerance: 5 %; Terminal Position: SINGLE; Operating Temperature (TJ-Min): 0 Cel;
2N2222A
Telcom Semiconductor
NPN; Configuration: SINGLE; Surface Mount: NO; Nominal Transition Frequency (fT): 300 MHz; Maximum Power Dissipation (Abs): .5 W; Maximum Collector Current (IC): .8 A;
BAV99
Taitron Components
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: DUAL; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 3; Surface Mount: YES; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
DS18B20U+
Analog Devices
DS18B20U+ by Analog Devices is a 12-bit temperature sensor with 1-Wire interface. It operates b/w -55 to 125°C, offering ±0.5°C accuracy. Suitable for applications requiring digital output and surface mounting feature.
Gec Plessey Semiconductors
1N4148WT
Tak Cheong Electronics Holdings
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: DUAL; Terminal Form: FLAT; No. of Terminals: 2; Surface Mount: YES; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
RC0402JR-070RL
Yageo
Yageo's RC0402JR-070RL is a SMT fixed resistor with 0 ohm resistance, rated for temperatures from -55 to 155 °C. It features METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM tech, WRAPAROUND terminals, and 0.0625 W power dissipation. Ideal for jumper applications in electronics requiring compact surface mount components.
KSZ9031RNXIA
Micrel
ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER; Temperature Grade: INDUSTRIAL; Terminal Form: NO LEAD; No. of Terminals: 48; Package Code: HVQCCN; Package Shape: SQUARE;
Yangzhou Yangjie Electronics
MBR1560CT
RECTIFIER DIODE; Surface Mount: NO; Maximum Operating Temperature: 150 Cel; Maximum Repetitive Peak Reverse Voltage: 60 V; Technology: SCHOTTKY; Maximum Non Repetitive Peak Forward Current: 150 A;
Panjit International
SMBJ18CA
Secos
TRANS VOLTAGE SUPPRESSOR DIODE; Terminal Position: DUAL; Terminal Form: C BEND; No. of Terminals: 2; Surface Mount: YES; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
ISO1050DUBR
Texas Instruments
ISO1050DUBR by Texas Instruments is a network interface IC with 8 terminals, operating from -55 to 105°C. It features a small outline package, nickel palladium gold finish, and gull wing terminal form. Ideal for telecom applications requiring a 5V supply voltage and peak reflow temperature of 260°C.
BSS123NH6327XTSA1
Infineon Technologies
Infineon BSS123NH6327XTSA1 is a N-CHANNEL FET with 100V DS breakdown voltage, 0.19A ID, and 6 ohm RDS(on). Ideal for small outline applications requiring high drain current and low on-resistance. AEC-Q101 compliant for automotive use.
LM107H
Linear Technology
LM107H by Linear Technology is an Operational Amplifier with a max input offset voltage of 3000uV, common mode reject ratio of 96dB, and min voltage gain of 50000. It is used in military applications due to its MILITARY temperature grade and BIPOLAR technology for precise signal processing in harsh environments.
73M2901CL-IH
Analog Devices' 73M2901CL-IH modem operates at -40 to 85 °C, with a data rate of 0.0024 Mbps. It has 32 terminals in a rectangular chip carrier package suitable for industrial telecom applications. The modem supports a nominal voltage of 3.3V and is surface mountable.
73M2901CE-IGV
Analog Devices' 73M2901CE-IGV modem operates at -40 to 85 °C, with a supply voltage of 3/3.3V and max current of 15.5mA. With 32 terminals in a square flatpack package, it's ideal for industrial telecom applications requiring surface mount compatibility.
A5191HRTLG-XTP
Onsemi
A5191HRTLG-XTP by Onsemi is a modem IC with 32 terminals, operating at 3.3V/5V. It features a flatpack, low profile package style suitable for industrial applications. With a data rate of 0.0012 Mbps and terminal pitch of 0.8mm, it is ideal for telecom systems requiring reliable performance in a compact form factor.
HD49428F
Renesas Electronics
MODEM-DEMODULATOR; Temperature Grade: COMMERCIAL; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 80; Package Code: QFP; Package Shape: UNSPECIFIED;
ST7538Q
S5N8952X
Samsung
MODEM; Temperature Grade: COMMERCIAL; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 208; Package Code: LFQFP; Package Shape: SQUARE;
AD9970
Analog Devices' AD9970 is a modem-support circuit in a square chip carrier package with 32 terminals. Operating temperature ranges from -25°C to 85°C, supporting a nominal voltage of 1.8V. Ideal for telecom applications requiring high-performance modems in compact form factors.
12197-508-XTP
The Onsemi 12197-508-XTP modem features CMOS technology, operates at -40 to 85 °C, and has a data rate of 0.0012 Mbps. It is used in telecom applications for industrial purposes due to its 3.3V supply voltage requirement and quad terminal position.
A5191HRTP-XTP
A5191HRTP-XTP by Onsemi is a modem IC with 28 terminals, operating at -40 to 85 °C. It requires 3.3/5V power supply and draws max 0.6mA current. Ideal for industrial telecom applications due to its quad terminal position and J bend form factor in a square chip carrier package.
TS68951CFN013TR
TS68951CFN013TR by STMicroelectronics is a CMOS modem with a compact chip carrier design, featuring 28 terminals. It operates b/w 0 °C to 70°C and requires ±5V power supply. Ideal for telecom applications, it supports efficient data communication in commercial environments.
MAX2992ECB+T
Modems; Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL): 3; Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s): 30; Peak Reflow Temperature (C): 260; JESD-609 Code: e3; Terminal Finish: MATTE TIN;
NCN49599MNRG
The Onsemi NCN49599MNRG is a programmable modem with 56 terminals in a square chip carrier package. It operates at temperatures ranging from -40 to 85 °C, suitable for industrial applications. With a supply voltage of 3.3V and max current of 60mA, it is ideal for telecom systems requiring high performance in a compact form factor.
73M2901CE-IGV/F
Teridian Semiconductor
MODEM; Temperature Grade: INDUSTRIAL; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 32; Package Code: TQFP; Package Shape: SQUARE;
EF7910PL
STMicroelectronics' EF7910PL modem operates at 0-70 °C with ±5V power supplies, 125mA max supply current, and 0.0012 Mbps data rate. It is a telecom IC type for commercial applications requiring -5V nominal negative supply voltage.
TS75C321CP
STMicroelectronics' TS75C321CP modem IC operates at -5V to 5V, with data rate of 0.0096 Mbps. With 48 terminals in a rectangular package, it's ideal for telecom applications due to its through-hole terminal form and commercial temperature grade.
MC68194FJ
MC68194FJ by Onsemi is a 52-terminal modem IC with 5V supply, operating at 0-70 °C. It offers data rate of 10 Mbps and consumes 0.27mA current. Ideal for telecom applications due to its BIPOLAR technology and J BEND terminal form.
UCB1300BE
NXP Semiconductors
MODEM-SUPPORT CIRCUIT; Temperature Grade: COMMERCIAL; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 48; Package Code: LFQFP; Package Shape: SQUARE;
MAX79356ECM+T
Maxim Integrated
MODEM; Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s): 30; Peak Reflow Temperature (C): 260; JESD-609 Code: e3; Terminal Finish: MATTE TIN; Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL): 1;
73K302L-IP
73K302L-IP by Texas Instruments is an industrial-grade modem IC with a data rate of 0.0012 Mbps. Featuring a package style of in-line, it has 28 terminals and operates b/w -40 to 85°C. Ideal for telecom applications requiring reliable connectivity in harsh environments.
L-CV92-T48B-DT
Broadcom
Modems;
Partstack™ will investigate all reported instances of potential suspect/counterfeit part listings.
ST7540TR
ST7540TR by STMicroelectronics is a modem IC with 28 terminals, operating at 5-9V. It features BCDMOS technology, 0.0048 Mbps data rate, and -40 to 85°C temperature range. Ideal for industrial telecom applications due to its small outline package and dual terminal position.
ST7540
ST7540 by STMicroelectronics is a modem IC with 28 terminals, operating at -40 to 85°C. It has a data rate of 0.0048 Mbps and operates on a nominal voltage of 5V. This BCDMOS technology chip is ideal for industrial telecom applications due to its compact size and surface-mount capability.
ST7538QTR
MODEM; Temperature Grade: INDUSTRIAL; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 44; Package Code: LQFP; Package Shape: SQUARE;
ST75C50
MODEM-DATA/FAX/VOICE; Temperature Grade: COMMERCIAL; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 160; Package Code: QFP; Package Shape: SQUARE;
ST75951
ST75C501CQFP
MODEM; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 80; Package Code: LQFP; Package Shape: SQUARE; Length: 14 mm;
ST75C502CQFP
MODEM-SUPPORT CIRCUIT; Temperature Grade: COMMERCIAL; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 80; Package Code: LQFP; Package Shape: SQUARE;
ST7536CFNTR
MODEM; Temperature Grade: COMMERCIAL; Terminal Form: J BEND; No. of Terminals: 28; Package Code: QCCJ; Package Shape: SQUARE;
ST7538P
ST7543CQFP
MODEM-SUPPORT CIRCUIT; Temperature Grade: COMMERCIAL; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 44; Package Code: LQFP; Package Shape: SQUARE;
ST7554TQF7
MODEM-DATA/FAX/VOICE; Temperature Grade: COMMERCIAL; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 48; Package Code: LFQFP; Package Shape: SQUARE;
ST7544CFN
MODEM-SUPPORT CIRCUIT; Temperature Grade: COMMERCIAL; Terminal Form: J BEND; No. of Terminals: 44; Package Code: QCCJ; Package Shape: SQUARE;
ST7544CQFP
ST7537HS1
ST7543CFN
ST7536CFN
ST7537
ST7546CFN
Modems; Temperature Grade: COMMERCIAL; Terminal Form: J BEND; No. of Terminals: 28; Package Code: QCCJ; Package Shape: SQUARE;
ST7546CQFP
Modems; Temperature Grade: COMMERCIAL; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 44; Package Code: QFP; Package Shape: SQUARE;
Supply Digital Components
$106.00
$54.25
$11.90
$7.29
Quantity
12,000 In-Stock
Total price ≈ $80,197.29
© 2023 All rights reserved