Active filters amplify desired signals while rejecting unwanted frequencies, and can be tailored to meet application-specific requirements in electronics.
Amplifiers boost signal strength, match impedance levels, and are essential in many circuit systems, including audio, broadcasting, and telecommunications.
Batteries store and provide electrical energy, come in various types and sizes for multiple uses, rechargeable or single-use.
Capacitors store electrical charge with metallic plates and a dielectric; types vary and can be combined for specific circuit characteristics.
Chip carriers and sockets provide an interface between components and PCBs, enabling easy replacement or upgrading without soldering.
Circuit protection devices prevent damage from overcurrent flow, including fuses, breakers, surge protectors, and voltage regulators.
Connector accessories and support devices aid connector function and longevity, including backshells, grips, clamps, and ties; must be compatible with connector type.
Connectors join electronic circuits to transfer signals and power, come in various sizes and shapes, and include support accessories.
Converters transform DC input to another voltage level, essential in electronic systems, renewable energy, and automotive electronics.
Crystals and resonators generate and stabilize frequency signals via piezoelectricity. They are used in timing, frequency control, and filters. Crystals are quartz and resonators are ceramic with a built-in capacitor.
Semiconductor diodes control current flow in one direction (uni-directionality) via low resistance. Useful for rectification, voltage regulation, detection, and digital logic.
Discover essential electronic components for your devices, including CPU accelerators, system cache controllers, computer processors, motherboards, and graphics computing systems. Enhance device performance and connectivity with reliable components engineered for seamless integration and optimal functionality.
Fiber optics use light pulses to transmit data over long distances. They have superior bandwidth capacity, low signal attenuation, and secure physical properties. They are essential in telecommunications networks today.
Filters enhance signal processing by selectively passing desired frequencies while suppressing unwanted ones. Filters can be passive (using capacitors, resistors, and inductors) or active (using transistors or amplifiers).
Flash devices are non-volatile storage solutions that offer fast read and write speeds, making them ideal for applications requiring high-speed data transfer. These devices utilize flash memory technology, providing reliable storage for data-intensive tasks such as gaming, multimedia, and enterprise-level applications.
General purpose ICs consist of multiple individual circuits or components (e.g., logic gates, amplifiers, oscillators, etc.) that are combined onto a single integrated circuit chip for a smaller physical footprint.
I/O and storage controllers are crucial components in computer systems, managing input/output operations and storage devices. These controllers facilitate efficient data transfer between peripherals, storage drives, and the central processing unit (CPU), enhancing system performance and enabling seamless connectivity.
Inductors store energy in magnetic fields, oppose sudden changes in current flow and prevent electrical surges. Common inductor applications include power supplies, signal filters, and oscillators.
Interface ICs allow efficient device connectivity with high-speed data transfer and low power consumption.They can be ASIC or FPGA types, and may perform additional functions such as sensing, storage, and conversion.
Logic ICs can be used for storage, memory, amplification, and multiplexing. They perform fundamental logical operations on digital input signals (1, 0, H, L) to generate a corresponding digital output signal.
Memory modules are essential components in electronic devices, storing data temporarily or permanently for processing and retrieval. From volatile RAM (Random Access Memory) to non-volatile ROM (Read-Only Memory), memory technologies vary in speed, capacity, and functionality, catering to diverse application requirements.
Memory ICs store digital data and retain the information even when the power is turned off. They come in various types, like RAM (Random Access Memory) for fast data access, and ROM (Read-Only Memory) for permanent data storage.
Miscellaneous semiconductor components are a diverse category of electronic components that combines elements from a mix of component devices.
Optoelectronic devices interact with light. This family of devices can emit light, detect light, generate current, and transmit light signals for long-distance communication.
Oscillators generate repetitive waveforms, such as sine, square, or triangle waves. They are commonly used to produce stable and precise frequencies for applications like clocks, signal generation, and communication systems.
Other Function Semiconductor components are a diverse category of semiconductor components that perform a range of specialized functions.
Passive component networks operate without a power source and support data transmission within system by performing filtering, energy storage, and/or signal coupling functions.
Peripheral ICs (Integrated Circuits) are designed to control and manage the peripheral devices connected to a computer or other electronic device.
Programmable Logic ICs are user-programmable devices that allow designers to create custom logic circuits. These cost saving ICs offer real-time data processing and maximum design flexibilty.
RF (Radio Frequency) and microwave devices are used in telecommunications, wireless communications, and electronic systems. These devices include amplifiers, attenuators, filters, mixers, oscillators, and antennas, and a host of other components.
Voltage regulators are used to ensure a constant output voltage despite power fluctuations and load changes. Linear and switching regulators are common types used to maintain voltage stability.
Relays are electromagnetic switches that are used to control the flow of electrical current in an electrical circuit. Relays are a safe means of providing isolation between a controlling circuit and a controlled circuit.
Resistors control the flow of electrical current in a circuit by introducing a set resistance. These passive components reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, and bias active elements in circuits.
Transducers convert energy from one form to another and are crucial in sensing, audio and control systems. They transform physical measures like temperature, pressure, or sound into electrical signals for circuits.
Storage drives are hardware devices used to store and retrieve digital data in computers and electronic devices. These drives come in various forms, including hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), and hybrid drives, offering different levels of capacity, speed, and durability to suit specific storage needs.
Storage media encompass physical or digital mediums used for storing and preserving digital data. From optical discs and magnetic tapes to USB flash drives and memory cards, storage media come in diverse formats and capacities, offering flexibility and reliability for data storage and archival purposes.
Storage systems comprise hardware and software components designed to manage and store digital data efficiently. These systems range from simple standalone devices to complex network-attached storage (NAS) and storage area network (SAN) solutions, providing scalable storage capacity and data protection features for businesses and enterprises.
Switches control electrical current flow by making or breaking connections. These devices vary in design and application, from basic on/off switches to complex industrial automation systems.
Telecom integrated circuits (ICs) are specialized electronics for telecommunications, tailored to high data rates, low power use, and reliable long-distance transmission. These devices include amplifiers, filters, ADCs, DACs, and more-- and they are often integrated on one chip for specific telecom tasks.
Terminal blocks, or connection terminals, are modular blocks that bring together multiple electrical wires at one connection point. They offer a reliable, organized way to terminate cables.
Thermal management devices control heat in electronic systems, preventing overheating and ensuring optimal performance and reliability. Examples include heat sinks, fans, and thermal interface materials that dissipate or transfer heat away from components.
Transformers are devices that alter electrical voltage levels between circuits through electromagnetic induction. They are vital in power distribution, converting high-voltage electricity for transmission and lower voltage for safe usage.
Transistors are 3-layer semiconductor devices that regulate the flow of electrical current. They function as amplifiers, boosting weak signals, and as switches, controlling the flow of current between terminals.
Triggering devices initiate electronic processes or events in response to specific conditions. These devices support many automated tasks such as activating switches and signals, or turning on lights when motion is detected.
Video cards, also known as graphics cards or GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), are essential components in computers, responsible for rendering graphics and images on display devices. These cards feature dedicated processors and memory, delivering smooth and immersive visual experiences for gaming, multimedia, and professional applications.
Choose from over than a million of proven quality materials. Over 300 manufacturers are presented. From renowned major international players to small independent companies with a proven track record in local markets.
Featured manufacturers
Vishay Intertechnology's DG408DQ-E3 is a CMOS multiplexer with 8 channels, featuring a max on-state resistance of 100 ohm and nominal off-state isolation of 75 dB. With a package style of small outline and thin profile, it operates in industrial temperature grades from -40 to 85 °C, making it ideal for high-performance switching applications.
Median Price
$2.580
Lifecycle Status
Suppliers In-Stock
15
In-Stock Inventory
1k+
Chip1Stop
1+ parts
100+ parts
$2.170
1k+ parts
$2.160
10k+ parts
$1.930
Arrow
$2.674
$1.972
-
DigiKey
$4.550
$2.976
$2.638
$2.500
Mouser Electronics
$4.640
$2.900
$2.730
Verical
$2.186
$2.178
Avnet
$1.941
$1.826
TTI
$1.980
DF Sales Co.
$1.750
Vyrian
NAC Semi
$2.050
ComSIT Distribution GmbH
IBS Electronics
$1.542
$1.492
$1.467
Nova Conductors
North Shore Components
Ampacity Inc.
$1.670
Semicontronic
$2.460
$2.398
$2.386
Corohmni
$2.740
Aztec Data Supply Inc.
$19.759
Authorized Procurement Solutions
Continental Prestige Electronics
Glotronic Ltd.
Argo Parts USA
Kepictronics
Aranea Global
Perfect Parts
iodParts Technologies Inc.
This material provides durability and protection for the internal components of the multiplexer, ensuring a longer lifespan.
Allows for easy and efficient installation on a circuit board without the need for additional hardware or connectors.
Optimal voltage range for reliable and stable performance of the multiplexer.
Can withstand high temperatures, making it suitable for industrial applications where heat may be a factor.
Provides flexibility and versatility for connecting multiple input sources to the output, increasing functionality.
CMOS technology offers low power consumption and high noise immunity, resulting in efficient operation and reliable signal processing.
Multiplexers & Switches DG408DQ-E3 attributes and parameters. Explore more Multiplexers & Switches devices from Vishay Intertechnology
Other IC type:
JESD-30 Code:
JESD-609 Code:
Length:
Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL):
Maximum Negative Supply Voltage (Vsup):
Minimum Negative Supply Voltage (Vsup):
Nominal Negative Supply Voltage (Vsup):
No. of Channels:
No. of Functions:
No. of Terminals:
Nominal Off-state Isolation:
Nominal On-state Resistance Match:
Maximum On-state Resistance (Ron):
Maximum Operating Temperature:
Minimum Operating Temperature:
Package Body Material:
Package Code:
Package Equivalence Code:
Package Shape:
Package Style (Meter):
Peak Reflow Temperature (C):
Power Supplies (V):
Qualification:
Maximum Seated Height:
Maximum Signal Current:
Sub-Category:
Maximum Supply Voltage (Vsup):
Minimum Supply Voltage (Vsup):
Nominal Supply Voltage (Vsup):
Surface Mount:
Maximum Switch-off Time:
Maximum Switch-on Time:
Switching (V):
Technology:
Temperature Grade:
Terminal Finish:
Terminal Form:
Terminal Pitch:
Terminal Position:
Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s):
Width (mm):
DG408DQ-E3 Other Function Semiconductors trade compliance attributes, and parameters.
HTS
8542.39.00.01
SB
8542.39.00.00
PCN Design/Specification - Multi Devices 17/May/2017
PCN Assembly/Origin - Mult Dev 25/Jan/2023
Vishay Intertechnology, Inc. is a renowned American manufacturer of discrete semiconductors and passive electronic components that have been used in many consumer products and industrial applications worldwide. Founded by Polish-born businessman Felix Zandman in 1962, Vishay has grown to become one of the world's largest manufacturers of these components, with a strong presence in every major market around the globe. The company also offers value-added solutions such as its patented passive components, replacing a number of legacy parts with more reliable, cost effective solutions.
Executive Chairman of the Board, Chief Business Development Officer
Marc Zandman
Chief Executive Officer, President, and Director
Joel Smejkal
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Lori Lipcaman
Itzehoe - Fab Phase 1
Fabrication
Fab Initiation
2025
Germany
Itzehoe
Wafer Capacity
US - Fab 3
1986
USA
Santa Clara
24,500
US - Fab 2
1972
8,000
Austria
1984
Vöcklabruck
25,000
Taiwan
1967
Hsintien
12,000
Italy - Fab 8
1961
Canada
Torino
15,000
Israel
2000
Yokneam Illit
400
SS14
Daco Semiconductor
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: DUAL; Terminal Form: C BEND; No. of Terminals: 2; Surface Mount: YES; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
Vishay Intertechnology
Vishay Intertechnology's SS14 is a Schottky rectifier diode with a max forward voltage of 0.5V and output current of 1A. Operating at up to 125°C, it has a repetitive peak reverse voltage of 40V. Ideal for surface mount applications, it suits various electronic circuits requiring efficient rectification and low forward voltage drop.
BAV99
Good-ark Electronics
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: DUAL; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 3; Surface Mount: YES; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
STM8S003F3P6TR
STMicroelectronics
STM8S003F3P6TR by STMicroelectronics is an 8-bit microcontroller with a max clock frequency of 16 MHz. It features 1024 RAM bytes, 128 data EEPROM size, and 5-ch 10-bit ADC channels. Ideal for industrial applications requiring low power mode and connectivity via I2C, SPI, and UART interfaces.
SMBJ18CA
Onsemi
TRANS VOLTAGE SUPPRESSOR DIODE; Terminal Position: DUAL; Terminal Form: C BEND; No. of Terminals: 2; Surface Mount: YES; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
BSS138NH6327XTSA2
Infineon Technologies
BSS138NH6327XTSA2 by Infineon is a N-CHANNEL FET with 60V DS Breakdown Voltage, ideal for small signal applications. Operating in Enhancement Mode, it has 0.36W Power Dissipation and 3.5 ohm Drain-Source Resistance. With Gull Wing terminals and AEC-Q101 reference standard, it's suitable for automotive electronics due to its high temperature range of -55 to 150 °C.
1N4148WS
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: DUAL; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 2; Surface Mount: YES; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
OHN3140U
Tt Electronics Plc
OHN3140U by Tt Electronics Plc is a magnetic field sensor with a max supply voltage of 24V and hysteresis of 2mT. It features an output range of 25mA and operates b/w -20 to 85°C. Ideal for applications requiring precise detection and measurement of magnetic fields in various industries.
Rectron
CRG0805F10R
TE Connectivity
TE Connectivity's CRG0805F10R is a 10 ohm fixed resistor with 1% tolerance and 0.125 W power dissipation. It features thick film technology, SMT package style, and matte tin over nickel terminal finish. Ideal for surface mount applications in electronics, offering a temperature coefficient of 200 ppm/°C and operating voltage of 150 V.
1N4148
Vishay Telefunken
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: AXIAL; Terminal Form: WIRE; No. of Terminals: 2; Surface Mount: NO; Package Shape: ROUND;
Hitano Enterprise
Silicon Standard
Brightking
LM358DR2G
LM358DR2G by Onsemi is a dual operational amplifier with 7000uV max input offset voltage and 70dB nominal CMRR. Ideal for applications requiring low bias current such as sensor interfaces, signal conditioning circuits, and audio amplifiers. Package style: Small Outline, Technology: Bipolar, Unity Gain Bandwidth: 1000 kHz.
STM32F407VGT6
STM32F407VGT6 by STMicroelectronics is a 32-bit microcontroller with 2/3.3V power supplies, 196608 bytes RAM, and 16-Ch 12-Bit ADC channels. It is ideal for industrial applications requiring CAN, ETHERNET, I2C(3), SPI(3), UART(2), USB(2) connectivity and features DMA(16) for efficient data transfer. With a max clock frequency of 50 MHz and operating temperature range of -40 to 85 °C, it offers high performance in a compact package style (14mm x 14mm).
Panasonic
MIXER DIODE; Terminal Position: DUAL; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 3; Surface Mount: YES; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
Thinking Electronic Industrial
Synsemi
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: DUAL; Terminal Form: FLAT; No. of Terminals: 2; Surface Mount: YES; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
ADG452BRZ-REEL7
Analog Devices
ADG452BRZ-REEL7 by Analog Devices is a CMOS SPST multiplexer with 4 functions, 16 terminals, and 5V nominal voltage. It features a small outline package suitable for industrial applications requiring fast switching times (220ns on, 140ns off) and high isolation (65dB).
MUX36S16IPWR
Texas Instruments
MUX36S16IPWR by Texas Instruments is a CMOS single-ended multiplexer with 28 terminals, operating at -40 to 125 °C. It has a max on-state resistance of 430 ohm and nominal bandwidth of 500 kHz. Ideal for automotive applications due to its small outline package and low supply voltage requirements.
MAX4634EUB-T
Maxim Integrated
MAX4634EUB-T by Maxim Integrated is a CMOS single-ended multiplexer with 4 channels. It operates at a supply voltage range of 1.8V to 5.5V, featuring a max on-state resistance of 7 ohm and off-state isolation of 80 dB. This industrial-grade switch has a compact thin profile package suitable for various applications requiring precise signal routing in tight spaces.
HEF4051BP
NXP Semiconductors
HEF4051BP by NXP Semiconductors is an 8-channel single-ended multiplexer with a max on-state resistance of 2500 ohm. Operating at a nominal voltage of 5 V, it features a switching time of 280 ns and offers a nominal off-state isolation of 50 dB. Ideal for automotive applications due to its temperature grade and low supply current requirements.
ADG704BRMZ-REEL7
ADG704BRMZ-REEL7 by Analog Devices is a CMOS single-ended multiplexer with 4 channels. It operates at a supply voltage range of 1.8V to 5.5V and offers a max on-state resistance of 8 ohm. With industrial temperature grade, it's ideal for applications requiring fast switching speeds and high off-state isolation.
ADG719BRTZ-500RL7
ADG719BRTZ-500RL7 by Analog Devices is a SPDT switch with 6 terminals, operating at a voltage range of 1.8V to 5.5V. It offers low on-state resistance of 12 ohm and fast switching times of 15ns turn-on and 8ns turn-off, suitable for automotive applications requiring high-speed signal routing in compact spaces.
FSA4157AL6X
Rochester Electronics
SPDT; Temperature Grade: INDUSTRIAL; No. of Terminals: 6; Package Code: VSON; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: YES;
74HC4051N
Philips Semiconductors
SINGLE-ENDED MULTIPLEXER; Temperature Grade: INDUSTRIAL; No. of Terminals: 16; Package Code: DIP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: NO;
74HC1G66GW,125
NXP Semiconductors' 74HC1G66GW,125 is a CMOS SPST switch with 5 terminals and 142 ohm Ron. It operates at -40 to 125 °C and has a max Vsup of 10 V. Ideal for automotive applications, it offers fast switching times of 30 ns on and 45 ns off.
FSUSB74UMX
Fairchild Semiconductor
DIFFERENTIAL MULTIPLEXER; Peak Reflow Temperature (C): 260; Terminal Finish: Nickel/Palladium/Gold (Ni/Pd/Au); Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL): 1; Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s): 30; JESD-609 Code: e4;
FSA8008AUMX
AUDIO/VIDEO SWITCH; Temperature Grade: INDUSTRIAL; No. of Terminals: 10; Package Code: QCCN; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: YES;
ADG408BRUZ-REEL7
ADG408BRUZ-REEL7 by Analog Devices is a CMOS single-ended multiplexer with 8 channels. It has a max on-state resistance of 100 ohm and operates at industrial temperature grade. Ideal for applications requiring high-speed switching with low power consumption in compact designs.
DG412DY
Intersil
SPST; Temperature Grade: INDUSTRIAL; No. of Terminals: 16; Package Code: SOP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: YES;
ADG452BRZ-REEL
ADG452BRZ-REEL by Analog Devices is a CMOS SPST multiplexer with 4 functions, 16 terminals, and 5V nominal voltage. It operates in industrial temperature range (-40 to 85 °C) and offers low on-state resistance (12 ohm). Ideal for applications requiring precise signal switching in compact designs.
PTMUX1574PWR
SPDT;
MC14052BDG
MC14052BDG by Onsemi is a CMOS differential multiplexer with 4 channels. It operates at temperatures from -55 to 125 °C and has a max supply voltage of 18 V. With a nominal off-state isolation of 50 dB, it is ideal for military-grade applications requiring precise signal switching within a compact small outline package.
DG212CJ+
SPST; Temperature Grade: COMMERCIAL; No. of Terminals: 16; Package Code: DIP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: NO;
NC7SB3157L6X
CD74HC4067M96
Harris Semiconductor
SINGLE-ENDED MULTIPLEXER; Temperature Grade: MILITARY; No. of Terminals: 24; Package Code: SOP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: YES;
ADG419BRMZ-REEL
ADG419BRMZ-REEL by Analog Devices is an 8-terminal SPDT switch with a max on-state resistance of 35 ohm. It operates at temperatures ranging from -40 to 85 °C and has a peak reflow temperature of 260 C. Ideal for industrial applications requiring high isolation and fast switching times.
Partstack™ will investigate all reported instances of potential suspect/counterfeit part listings.
DG408DYZ
SINGLE-ENDED MULTIPLEXER; Temperature Grade: INDUSTRIAL; No. of Terminals: 16; Package Code: SOP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: YES;
Renesas Electronics
DG408DYZ by Renesas Electronics is an 8-channel CMOS multiplexer with a max supply voltage of 20V. It features a small outline package, matte tin terminal finish, and industrial temperature grade. With a nominal off-state isolation of 75dB and on-state resistance match of 15 ohm, it is ideal for industrial applications requiring precise signal routing in harsh environments.
DG408DYZ-T
The Renesas Electronics DG408DYZ-T is a CMOS single-ended multiplexer with 8 channels. It operates at temperatures ranging from -40 to 85°C and has a max on-state resistance of 100 ohm. With a package style of small outline, it is suitable for industrial applications requiring high-speed switching capabilities.
DG408DQ-T1-E3
Vishay Intertechnology's DG408DQ-T1-E3 is a CMOS single-ended multiplexer with 8 channels. It operates at industrial temperature grade, with a max supply voltage of 20V and on-state resistance of 100 ohm. Ideal for applications requiring high isolation (75 dB) and fast switching times (150 ns).
DG403DYZ-T
SPDT; Temperature Grade: INDUSTRIAL; No. of Terminals: 16; Package Code: SOP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: YES;
Renesas Electronics DG403DYZ-T is a SPDT switch with 2 functions, operating at -40 to 85°C. It has a max on-state resistance of 45 ohm and fast switching times of 150 ns on and 100 ns off. This industrial-grade CMOS switch is ideal for applications requiring high-speed signal routing in compact spaces.
DG408DY-T1-E3
Vishay Intertechnology's DG408DY-T1-E3 is a CMOS single-ended multiplexer with 8 channels. It operates at temperatures ranging from -40 to 85°C and has a max on-state resistance of 100 ohm. With a package size of 9.9mm x 3.9mm, it is ideal for industrial applications requiring precise signal switching within a compact design.
DG408DY
Temic Semiconductors
SINGLE-ENDED MULTIPLEXER; Temperature Grade: INDUSTRIAL; No. of Terminals: 16; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: YES; Package Style (Meter): SMALL OUTLINE;
Siliconix
DG408DY+
Analog Devices' DG408DY+ is a CMOS multiplexer with 8 channels, 100 ohm max on-state resistance, and 225 ns switch-on time. Ideal for industrial applications requiring a small outline package, -40 to 85°C operating range, and break-before-make switching.
DG408DY-E3
DG408DY-E3 by Vishay Intertechnology is a CMOS single-ended multiplexer with 8 channels. It operates at industrial temperature grade, with a max supply voltage of 20V and on-state resistance of 100 ohm. Ideal for applications requiring high-speed switching and low power consumption in compact designs.
DG409DY-E3
Vishay Intertechnology's DG409DY-E3 is a CMOS differential multiplexer with 4 channels, 2 functions, and 16 terminals. It operates at industrial temperature grade (-40 to 85°C) with a supply voltage range of ±5V to ±15V. Ideal for applications requiring fast switching times (150 ns) and low on-state resistance (100 ohm).
DG409DYZ
DIFFERENTIAL MULTIPLEXER; Temperature Grade: INDUSTRIAL; No. of Terminals: 16; Package Code: SOP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: YES;
Supply Digital Components
$106.00
$54.25
$11.90
$7.29
Quantity
12,000 In-Stock
Total price ≈ $80,197.29
© 2023 All rights reserved