Active filters amplify desired signals while rejecting unwanted frequencies, and can be tailored to meet application-specific requirements in electronics.
Amplifiers boost signal strength, match impedance levels, and are essential in many circuit systems, including audio, broadcasting, and telecommunications.
Batteries store and provide electrical energy, come in various types and sizes for multiple uses, rechargeable or single-use.
Capacitors store electrical charge with metallic plates and a dielectric; types vary and can be combined for specific circuit characteristics.
Chip carriers and sockets provide an interface between components and PCBs, enabling easy replacement or upgrading without soldering.
Circuit protection devices prevent damage from overcurrent flow, including fuses, breakers, surge protectors, and voltage regulators.
Connector accessories and support devices aid connector function and longevity, including backshells, grips, clamps, and ties; must be compatible with connector type.
Connectors join electronic circuits to transfer signals and power, come in various sizes and shapes, and include support accessories.
Converters transform DC input to another voltage level, essential in electronic systems, renewable energy, and automotive electronics.
Crystals and resonators generate and stabilize frequency signals via piezoelectricity. They are used in timing, frequency control, and filters. Crystals are quartz and resonators are ceramic with a built-in capacitor.
Semiconductor diodes control current flow in one direction (uni-directionality) via low resistance. Useful for rectification, voltage regulation, detection, and digital logic.
Discover essential electronic components for your devices, including CPU accelerators, system cache controllers, computer processors, motherboards, and graphics computing systems. Enhance device performance and connectivity with reliable components engineered for seamless integration and optimal functionality.
Fiber optics use light pulses to transmit data over long distances. They have superior bandwidth capacity, low signal attenuation, and secure physical properties. They are essential in telecommunications networks today.
Filters enhance signal processing by selectively passing desired frequencies while suppressing unwanted ones. Filters can be passive (using capacitors, resistors, and inductors) or active (using transistors or amplifiers).
Flash devices are non-volatile storage solutions that offer fast read and write speeds, making them ideal for applications requiring high-speed data transfer. These devices utilize flash memory technology, providing reliable storage for data-intensive tasks such as gaming, multimedia, and enterprise-level applications.
General purpose ICs consist of multiple individual circuits or components (e.g., logic gates, amplifiers, oscillators, etc.) that are combined onto a single integrated circuit chip for a smaller physical footprint.
I/O and storage controllers are crucial components in computer systems, managing input/output operations and storage devices. These controllers facilitate efficient data transfer between peripherals, storage drives, and the central processing unit (CPU), enhancing system performance and enabling seamless connectivity.
Inductors store energy in magnetic fields, oppose sudden changes in current flow and prevent electrical surges. Common inductor applications include power supplies, signal filters, and oscillators.
Interface ICs allow efficient device connectivity with high-speed data transfer and low power consumption.They can be ASIC or FPGA types, and may perform additional functions such as sensing, storage, and conversion.
Logic ICs can be used for storage, memory, amplification, and multiplexing. They perform fundamental logical operations on digital input signals (1, 0, H, L) to generate a corresponding digital output signal.
Memory modules are essential components in electronic devices, storing data temporarily or permanently for processing and retrieval. From volatile RAM (Random Access Memory) to non-volatile ROM (Read-Only Memory), memory technologies vary in speed, capacity, and functionality, catering to diverse application requirements.
Memory ICs store digital data and retain the information even when the power is turned off. They come in various types, like RAM (Random Access Memory) for fast data access, and ROM (Read-Only Memory) for permanent data storage.
Miscellaneous semiconductor components are a diverse category of electronic components that combines elements from a mix of component devices.
Optoelectronic devices interact with light. This family of devices can emit light, detect light, generate current, and transmit light signals for long-distance communication.
Oscillators generate repetitive waveforms, such as sine, square, or triangle waves. They are commonly used to produce stable and precise frequencies for applications like clocks, signal generation, and communication systems.
Other Function Semiconductor components are a diverse category of semiconductor components that perform a range of specialized functions.
Passive component networks operate without a power source and support data transmission within system by performing filtering, energy storage, and/or signal coupling functions.
Peripheral ICs (Integrated Circuits) are designed to control and manage the peripheral devices connected to a computer or other electronic device.
Programmable Logic ICs are user-programmable devices that allow designers to create custom logic circuits. These cost saving ICs offer real-time data processing and maximum design flexibilty.
RF (Radio Frequency) and microwave devices are used in telecommunications, wireless communications, and electronic systems. These devices include amplifiers, attenuators, filters, mixers, oscillators, and antennas, and a host of other components.
Voltage regulators are used to ensure a constant output voltage despite power fluctuations and load changes. Linear and switching regulators are common types used to maintain voltage stability.
Relays are electromagnetic switches that are used to control the flow of electrical current in an electrical circuit. Relays are a safe means of providing isolation between a controlling circuit and a controlled circuit.
Resistors control the flow of electrical current in a circuit by introducing a set resistance. These passive components reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, and bias active elements in circuits.
Transducers convert energy from one form to another and are crucial in sensing, audio and control systems. They transform physical measures like temperature, pressure, or sound into electrical signals for circuits.
Storage drives are hardware devices used to store and retrieve digital data in computers and electronic devices. These drives come in various forms, including hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), and hybrid drives, offering different levels of capacity, speed, and durability to suit specific storage needs.
Storage media encompass physical or digital mediums used for storing and preserving digital data. From optical discs and magnetic tapes to USB flash drives and memory cards, storage media come in diverse formats and capacities, offering flexibility and reliability for data storage and archival purposes.
Storage systems comprise hardware and software components designed to manage and store digital data efficiently. These systems range from simple standalone devices to complex network-attached storage (NAS) and storage area network (SAN) solutions, providing scalable storage capacity and data protection features for businesses and enterprises.
Switches control electrical current flow by making or breaking connections. These devices vary in design and application, from basic on/off switches to complex industrial automation systems.
Telecom integrated circuits (ICs) are specialized electronics for telecommunications, tailored to high data rates, low power use, and reliable long-distance transmission. These devices include amplifiers, filters, ADCs, DACs, and more-- and they are often integrated on one chip for specific telecom tasks.
Terminal blocks, or connection terminals, are modular blocks that bring together multiple electrical wires at one connection point. They offer a reliable, organized way to terminate cables.
Thermal management devices control heat in electronic systems, preventing overheating and ensuring optimal performance and reliability. Examples include heat sinks, fans, and thermal interface materials that dissipate or transfer heat away from components.
Transformers are devices that alter electrical voltage levels between circuits through electromagnetic induction. They are vital in power distribution, converting high-voltage electricity for transmission and lower voltage for safe usage.
Transistors are 3-layer semiconductor devices that regulate the flow of electrical current. They function as amplifiers, boosting weak signals, and as switches, controlling the flow of current between terminals.
Triggering devices initiate electronic processes or events in response to specific conditions. These devices support many automated tasks such as activating switches and signals, or turning on lights when motion is detected.
Video cards, also known as graphics cards or GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), are essential components in computers, responsible for rendering graphics and images on display devices. These cards feature dedicated processors and memory, delivering smooth and immersive visual experiences for gaming, multimedia, and professional applications.
Choose from over than a million of proven quality materials. Over 300 manufacturers are presented. From renowned major international players to small independent companies with a proven track record in local markets.
Featured manufacturers
STHDMI002ABTR by STMicroelectronics is a CMOS differential multiplexer with a 3.3V nominal voltage and operates b/w -40 °C to 85°C. It features a max on-state resistance of 7.5Ω and supports fast switching times of 9ns. Ideal for industrial applications, it comes in a thin profile flatpack package with 48 terminals.
Median Price
-
Lifecycle Status
Suppliers In-Stock
5
In-Stock Inventory
1k+
Vyrian
1+ parts
100+ parts
1k+ parts
10k+ parts
Cyclops Electronics Ltd
Digiode
ACDS - Activité Composants Distribution Service
Anansix
Microchip USA
$3.207
AZTECH Wire
$10.780
IDEA Electronic Components Group
$22.817
$20.535
MKK Technologies
$42.906
DigiPath Technology Company
Perfect Parts
Assy Fe
Kepictronics
Vigor
GreenTree Electronics
S.R.D Solutions
Cyclops Electronics Ltd (Excess)
A-Z Elektronik GmbH
Corphita
Parana Technologies
$27.281
Authorized Procurement Solutions
The robust plastic/epoxy construction ensures durability and reliability, making it suitable for various applications.
Surface mount technology allows for compact designs and is ideal for high-density circuit board layouts.
The square shape facilitates efficient space usage on PCBs and contributes to optimized thermal performance.
Operating at a standard supply voltage of 3.3 V makes it compatible with most digital systems.
With 48 terminals, this multiplexer offers a wide range of input/output options for complex signal routing.
The thin profile and fine pitch design are ideal for applications where space is critical, allowing for more compact layouts.
Temperature tolerance up to 85 °C means it can operate in challenging environments, making it suitable for industrial applications.
The ability to function at temperatures as low as -40 °C ensures reliability in extreme cold conditions.
A matte tin finish provides excellent solderability and corrosion resistance, enhancing the product's longevity.
Quad terminal positioning allows for efficient interconnections, reducing layout complexity.
The low seated height contributes to a low-profile design, which is ideal for compact electronic devices.
A standard width of 7 mm makes it versatile for a wide range of applications while maintaining a compact design.
The differential multiplexing capability provides improved performance in noise-sensitive applications.
A minimum supply voltage of 3.135 V ensures compatibility with devices that require lower voltage levels.
A maximum exposure time of 30 seconds at peak reflow temperature ensures reliability during assembly processes.
The capability to withstand higher reflow temperatures makes it suitable for modern soldering techniques.
Lower on-state resistance allows for better signal integrity and less power loss during operation.
Fast switch-on time of 9 ns ensures quick response times for high-speed applications.
Consistent length ensures compatibility with various PCB designs while providing a compact footprint.
Quick switch-off time enhances overall system performance, reducing latency in signal processing.
Industrial temperature grade indicates suitability for harsh environments, ensuring long-term reliability.
Having four channels allows for versatile signal management in a single device, simplifying design complexity.
CMOS technology offers low power consumption that is ideal for energy-efficient applications.
Gull wing terminals provide ease of handling and assembly, ensuring solid connections on the PCB.
A terminal pitch of 0.5 mm supports high-density designs without compromising performance.
An MSL of 3 indicates suitable handling and storage precautions, ensuring product reliability during assembly.
Operating up to 3.465 V gives flexibility in power supply options, accommodating various system requirements.
High off-state isolation minimizes crosstalk and interference between channels, enhancing signal integrity.
Tight resistance matching ensures uniform performance across channels, improving overall reliability.
Multiplexers & Switches STHDMI002ABTR attributes and parameters. Explore more Multiplexers & Switches devices from STMicroelectronics
Other IC type:
JESD-30 Code:
JESD-609 Code:
Length:
Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL):
No. of Channels:
No. of Functions:
No. of Terminals:
Nominal Off-state Isolation:
Nominal On-state Resistance Match:
Maximum On-state Resistance (Ron):
Maximum Operating Temperature:
Minimum Operating Temperature:
Package Body Material:
Package Code:
Package Shape:
Package Style (Meter):
Peak Reflow Temperature (C):
Qualification:
Maximum Seated Height:
Maximum Supply Voltage (Vsup):
Minimum Supply Voltage (Vsup):
Nominal Supply Voltage (Vsup):
Surface Mount:
Maximum Switch-off Time:
Maximum Switch-on Time:
Technology:
Temperature Grade:
Terminal Finish:
Terminal Form:
Terminal Pitch:
Terminal Position:
Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s):
Width (mm):
STHDMI002ABTR Other Function Semiconductors trade compliance attributes, and parameters.
HTS
8542.39.00.01
SB
8542.39.00.00
STMicroelectronics is a global leader in the semiconductor manufacturing industry, with over 35 years of experience providing innovative and advanced technologies for customers around the world. Headquartered in Netherlands, STMicroelectronics has more than 51,323 employees worldwide and operates across 32 countries all over Europe, Asia-Pacific and the Americas. The company’s portfolio includes integrated circuits, discrete components, application-specific standard products, and computer chipsets. STMicroelectronics serves a wide range of industries such as automotive, consumer markets, healthcare and industrial applications.
President, CEO
Jean-Marc Chery
President, CFO, Finance, Purchasing,Enterprise Risk Management & Resilience
Lorenzo Grandi
President, Sales & Marketing
Jerome Roux
Castelletto
Fabrication
Fab Initiation
1968
Italy
Wafer Capacity
SGFAB AMK 6
2000
Singapore
29,000
AG200
Agrate Brianza
14,000
RST 8
France
Rousset
35,000
Crolles 1
1993
Crolles
30,000
Crolles 2-ext. mod 5
Crolles 2-ext. mod 2
2022
Crolles 2-ext. mod 3
2023
Crolles 2
2004
28,000
1985
SiC Fab
2006
Sweden
Norrköping
10,000
Fab 3
2005
Tours
2,000
Fab 1 & Fab 2
1978
55,000
Fab 2
1997
Catania
SGFAB-AMK 6E
2003
145,000
SGFAB-AMJ 9
1984
152,000
AG300 (R3)
1980
25,000
1987
34,000
AG300
2024
Crolles 2-ext. mod 1
2020
Fab 1 6-inch fab
2013
11,000
SiC 6-inch line
2021
2,500
200mm GaN
2018
SGFAB-AMK 8
2001
Crolles 2- JV Fab
SGFAB-AMK 6
2016
38,125
SGFAB-AMK 2E
2010
20,000
Silicon Carbide A.B.
SiC wafer/EPI Fab
SiC Device Fab
2025
DP83848IVVX/NOPB
National Semiconductor
ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER; Temperature Grade: INDUSTRIAL; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 48; Package Code: QFP; Package Shape: SQUARE;
CR0805-FX-10R0ELF
Bourns
Bourns CR0805-FX-10R0ELF is a SMT fixed resistor with 10 ohm resistance, 1% tolerance, and 0.125 W power dissipation. Ideal for applications requiring a temperature range of -55 to 155 °C, such as automotive electronics and industrial control systems.
2N7002
Promax-johnton
N-CHANNEL; Configuration: SINGLE; Surface Mount: YES; Terminal Form: GULL WING; Maximum Drain-Source On Resistance: 7.5 ohm; Minimum DS Breakdown Voltage: 60 V;
M24308/2-1F
Souriau-sunbank Connection Technologies
D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR; Option: GENERAL PURPOSE; Contact Gender: FEMALE; Body Length: 1.228 inch; Mounting Type: CABLE AND PANEL; Termination Type: CRIMP;
USB3320C-EZK-TR
Microchip Technology
Microchip Technology's USB3320C-EZK-TR is a Bus Controller IC with 32 terminals, operating at 1.6-2V. It supports USB bus compatibility, clock frequency up to 60MHz, and CMOS technology. Ideal for applications requiring Universal Serial Bus peripherals in compact designs with low power consumption.
1N4148
Jgd Semiconductors
RECTIFIER DIODE; Surface Mount: NO; Maximum Operating Temperature: 175 Cel; Maximum Reverse Recovery Time: .004 us; Maximum Non Repetitive Peak Forward Current: .5 A; Maximum Forward Voltage (VF): 1 V;
2N7002-T1-E3
Vishay Intertechnology
Vishay Intertechnology's 2N7002-T1-E3 is a N-CHANNEL FET for SWITCHING applications. Features include 60V DS Breakdown Voltage, 0.115A Drain Current, and 7.5 ohm On Resistance. With ENHANCEMENT MODE operation, this GULL WING transistor is ideal for small outline surface mount designs up to 150°C.
RC0805FR-0710RL
Yageo
Yageo's RC0805FR-0710RL is a 10 ohm SMT fixed resistor with 1% tolerance and 0.125 W power dissipation. With a temperature range of -55 to 155 °C, it suits applications requiring precise resistance values in compact surface mount designs.
Renesas Electronics
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: AXIAL; Terminal Form: WIRE; No. of Terminals: 2; Surface Mount: NO; Package Shape: ROUND;
2N2222A
Gec Plessey Semiconductors
NPN; Configuration: SINGLE; Surface Mount: NO; Nominal Transition Frequency (fT): 300 MHz; Maximum Power Dissipation (Abs): .5 W; Maximum Collector Current (IC): .8 A;
ULN2803A
STMicroelectronics
NPN; Configuration: 8 BANKS, DARLINGTON WITH BUILT-IN DIODE AND RESISTOR; Surface Mount: NO; Maximum Collector Current (IC): .5 A; No. of Elements: 8; Minimum DC Current Gain (hFE): 1000;
Itt Semiconductor
N-CHANNEL; Configuration: SINGLE; Surface Mount: YES; Package Body Material: PLASTIC/EPOXY; Field Effect Transistor Technology: METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
BSS138-7-F
Diodes Incorporated
Diodes Inc. BSS138-7-F is a N-channel FET with 50V DS breakdown voltage, 0.2A max drain current, and 3.5 ohm RDS(on). Ideal for switching applications in small outline packages with matte tin finish, operating up to 150°C peak reflow temp.
SS14
Jinan Jingheng Electronics
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: DUAL; Terminal Form: C BEND; No. of Terminals: 2; Surface Mount: YES; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
Temic Semiconductors
BAV99
Frontier Electronics
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: DUAL; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 3; Surface Mount: YES; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
Micro Commercial Components
Small Signal Field-Effect Transistors; Configuration: SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE; Surface Mount: YES; Transistor Application: SWITCHING; Maximum Drain Current (ID): .34 A; Package Style (Meter): SMALL OUTLINE;
LD1117S33CTR
STMicroelectronics LD1117S33CTR is a fixed positive single output LDO regulator with a nominal output voltage of 3.3V and max output current of 1.3A. It operates within an input voltage range of 4.75V to 15V, making it suitable for various applications requiring stable voltage regulation in compact designs. The device features low dropout voltage of 1.3V, high temperature operation up to 125°C, and small outline package style for space-constrained PCB layouts.
ULN2803ADWG4
Texas Instruments
ULN2803ADWG4 by Texas Instruments is a peripheral driver with 8 functions, open-collector output characteristics, and built-in transient protections. It operates at temperatures ranging from -40 to 85°C and has a max supply voltage of 3V. Ideal for applications requiring sink current flow direction in a small outline package style.
BSS138
Taitron Components
N-CHANNEL; Configuration: SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE; Surface Mount: YES; Maximum Drain-Source On Resistance: 3.5 ohm; Maximum Drain Current (ID): .2 A; Peak Reflow Temperature (C): NOT SPECIFIED;
CD4051BM
SINGLE-ENDED MULTIPLEXER; Temperature Grade: MILITARY; No. of Terminals: 16; Package Code: DIP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: NO;
TMUX7213PWR
TMUX7213PWR by Texas Instruments is a 4-channel CMOS multiplexer with a max supply voltage of 22V. It has a nominal bandwidth of 48kHz and offers separate outputs. This automotive-grade device is suitable for applications requiring high-speed switching and low on-state resistance.
ADG619BRMZ-REEL7
Analog Devices
ADG619BRMZ-REEL7 by Analog Devices is a CMOS SPDT switch with 8 terminals, operating at -40 to 85°C. It has a max on-state resistance of 6.5 ohm and switching time of 120 ns. Ideal for industrial applications requiring common output signal switching in compact designs.
ADG1433YRUZ-REEL
ADG1433YRUZ-REEL by Analog Devices is a 16-terminal SPDT multiplexer with a max operating temperature of 125°C. It features a small outline package, -40 to 125°C temperature grade, and CMOS technology. Ideal for automotive applications requiring fast switching times and high isolation levels.
DG408DYZ-T
The Renesas Electronics DG408DYZ-T is a CMOS single-ended multiplexer with 8 channels. It operates at temperatures ranging from -40 to 85°C and has a max on-state resistance of 100 ohm. With a package style of small outline, it is suitable for industrial applications requiring high-speed switching capabilities.
TS3A44159RGTRG4
TS3A44159RGTRG4 by Texas Instruments is a CMOS SPDT switch with 2 functions, 4 channels, and 0.8 ohm on-state resistance. Operating at -40 to 85 °C, it has a bandwidth of 35 kHz and provides 71 dB isolation. Ideal for industrial applications requiring fast switching and low power consumption.
DG412DY
Harris Semiconductor
SPST; Temperature Grade: INDUSTRIAL; No. of Terminals: 16; Package Code: SOP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: YES;
CD74HC4051M
Intersil
SINGLE-ENDED MULTIPLEXER; Temperature Grade: MILITARY; No. of Terminals: 16; Package Code: SOP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: YES;
PCA9546AD,118
NXP Semiconductors
PCA9546AD,118 by NXP Semiconductors is a 16-terminal multiplexer with 4 channels. It operates b/w -40 to 85°C and supports a supply voltage range of 2.3V to 3.6V. Ideal for industrial applications requiring small outline packages and separate outputs.
CD4051BE
Rochester Electronics
SINGLE-ENDED MULTIPLEXER; No. of Terminals: 16; Package Code: DIP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: NO; JESD-30 Code: R-PDIP-T16;
74LVC1G3157GW-Q100,125
Nexperia
Nexperia's 74LVC1G3157GW-Q100,125 is an AEC-Q100 qualified single-ended multiplexer with 2 channels. It operates b/w -40 to 125 °C and has a max on-state resistance of 195 ohm. With a small outline package style, it is ideal for automotive applications requiring high-speed switching capabilities.
ADG1414BCPZ-REEL7
ADG1414BCPZ-REEL7 by Analog Devices is an 8-function multiplexer & switch with a square package shape. It operates at a nominal voltage of 5V and has a max on-state resistance of 25 ohm. This IC is commonly used in automotive applications due to its temperature grade and moisture sensitivity level.
77052012X
Vishay Siliconix
SINGLE-ENDED MULTIPLEXER; Temperature Grade: MILITARY; No. of Terminals: 20; Package Code: QCCN; Package Shape: SQUARE; Surface Mount: YES;
NC7SB3157L6X
Fairchild Semiconductor
SPDT; Temperature Grade: INDUSTRIAL; No. of Terminals: 6; Package Code: VSON; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: YES;
CD74HC4052PWRG4
CD74HC4052PWRG4 by Texas Instruments is a CMOS differential multiplexer with 2 channels, operating at temperatures from -55 to 125 °C. It has a max on-state resistance of 270 ohm and a nominal bandwidth of 200 kHz. Ideal for military-grade applications requiring common output switching with low power consumption.
DG212CJ
Siliconix
SPST; Temperature Grade: COMMERCIAL; No. of Terminals: 16; Package Code: DIP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: NO;
ADG5412FBRUZ
ADG5412FBRUZ by Analog Devices is a 4-function SPST switch with a max on-state resistance of 11.2 ohm and nominal off-state isolation of 70 dB. It operates in automotive-grade temperatures from -40 to 125 °C, making it ideal for applications requiring high reliability and precision switching in harsh environments. With a small outline package style and dual terminal position, this switch is suitable for compact designs where space is limited.
MC14051BDR2G
Onsemi
MC14051BDR2G by Onsemi is a CMOS single-ended multiplexer with 8 channels. It operates at a supply voltage range of 3-18V and offers a max on-state resistance of 1050 ohm. This small outline IC, suitable for military applications, has a temperature range from -55 to 125°C and features break-before-make switching technology.
FSA8008AUMX
AUDIO/VIDEO SWITCH; Temperature Grade: INDUSTRIAL; No. of Terminals: 10; Package Code: QCCN; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: YES;
Partstack™ will investigate all reported instances of potential suspect/counterfeit part listings.
STHDMI001ATTR
DIFFERENTIAL MULTIPLEXER; Temperature Grade: INDUSTRIAL; No. of Terminals: 48; Package Code: TSSOP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: YES;
Supply Digital Components
$106.00
$54.25
$11.90
$7.29
Quantity
12,000 In-Stock
Total price ≈ $80,197.29
© 2023 All rights reserved