Active filters amplify desired signals while rejecting unwanted frequencies, and can be tailored to meet application-specific requirements in electronics.
Amplifiers boost signal strength, match impedance levels, and are essential in many circuit systems, including audio, broadcasting, and telecommunications.
Batteries store and provide electrical energy, come in various types and sizes for multiple uses, rechargeable or single-use.
Capacitors store electrical charge with metallic plates and a dielectric; types vary and can be combined for specific circuit characteristics.
Chip carriers and sockets provide an interface between components and PCBs, enabling easy replacement or upgrading without soldering.
Circuit protection devices prevent damage from overcurrent flow, including fuses, breakers, surge protectors, and voltage regulators.
Connector accessories and support devices aid connector function and longevity, including backshells, grips, clamps, and ties; must be compatible with connector type.
Connectors join electronic circuits to transfer signals and power, come in various sizes and shapes, and include support accessories.
Converters transform DC input to another voltage level, essential in electronic systems, renewable energy, and automotive electronics.
Crystals and resonators generate and stabilize frequency signals via piezoelectricity. They are used in timing, frequency control, and filters. Crystals are quartz and resonators are ceramic with a built-in capacitor.
Semiconductor diodes control current flow in one direction (uni-directionality) via low resistance. Useful for rectification, voltage regulation, detection, and digital logic.
Discover essential electronic components for your devices, including CPU accelerators, system cache controllers, computer processors, motherboards, and graphics computing systems. Enhance device performance and connectivity with reliable components engineered for seamless integration and optimal functionality.
Fiber optics use light pulses to transmit data over long distances. They have superior bandwidth capacity, low signal attenuation, and secure physical properties. They are essential in telecommunications networks today.
Filters enhance signal processing by selectively passing desired frequencies while suppressing unwanted ones. Filters can be passive (using capacitors, resistors, and inductors) or active (using transistors or amplifiers).
Flash devices are non-volatile storage solutions that offer fast read and write speeds, making them ideal for applications requiring high-speed data transfer. These devices utilize flash memory technology, providing reliable storage for data-intensive tasks such as gaming, multimedia, and enterprise-level applications.
General purpose ICs consist of multiple individual circuits or components (e.g., logic gates, amplifiers, oscillators, etc.) that are combined onto a single integrated circuit chip for a smaller physical footprint.
I/O and storage controllers are crucial components in computer systems, managing input/output operations and storage devices. These controllers facilitate efficient data transfer between peripherals, storage drives, and the central processing unit (CPU), enhancing system performance and enabling seamless connectivity.
Inductors store energy in magnetic fields, oppose sudden changes in current flow and prevent electrical surges. Common inductor applications include power supplies, signal filters, and oscillators.
Interface ICs allow efficient device connectivity with high-speed data transfer and low power consumption.They can be ASIC or FPGA types, and may perform additional functions such as sensing, storage, and conversion.
Logic ICs can be used for storage, memory, amplification, and multiplexing. They perform fundamental logical operations on digital input signals (1, 0, H, L) to generate a corresponding digital output signal.
Memory modules are essential components in electronic devices, storing data temporarily or permanently for processing and retrieval. From volatile RAM (Random Access Memory) to non-volatile ROM (Read-Only Memory), memory technologies vary in speed, capacity, and functionality, catering to diverse application requirements.
Memory ICs store digital data and retain the information even when the power is turned off. They come in various types, like RAM (Random Access Memory) for fast data access, and ROM (Read-Only Memory) for permanent data storage.
Miscellaneous semiconductor components are a diverse category of electronic components that combines elements from a mix of component devices.
Optoelectronic devices interact with light. This family of devices can emit light, detect light, generate current, and transmit light signals for long-distance communication.
Oscillators generate repetitive waveforms, such as sine, square, or triangle waves. They are commonly used to produce stable and precise frequencies for applications like clocks, signal generation, and communication systems.
Other Function Semiconductor components are a diverse category of semiconductor components that perform a range of specialized functions.
Passive component networks operate without a power source and support data transmission within system by performing filtering, energy storage, and/or signal coupling functions.
Peripheral ICs (Integrated Circuits) are designed to control and manage the peripheral devices connected to a computer or other electronic device.
Programmable Logic ICs are user-programmable devices that allow designers to create custom logic circuits. These cost saving ICs offer real-time data processing and maximum design flexibilty.
RF (Radio Frequency) and microwave devices are used in telecommunications, wireless communications, and electronic systems. These devices include amplifiers, attenuators, filters, mixers, oscillators, and antennas, and a host of other components.
Voltage regulators are used to ensure a constant output voltage despite power fluctuations and load changes. Linear and switching regulators are common types used to maintain voltage stability.
Relays are electromagnetic switches that are used to control the flow of electrical current in an electrical circuit. Relays are a safe means of providing isolation between a controlling circuit and a controlled circuit.
Resistors control the flow of electrical current in a circuit by introducing a set resistance. These passive components reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, and bias active elements in circuits.
Transducers convert energy from one form to another and are crucial in sensing, audio and control systems. They transform physical measures like temperature, pressure, or sound into electrical signals for circuits.
Storage drives are hardware devices used to store and retrieve digital data in computers and electronic devices. These drives come in various forms, including hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), and hybrid drives, offering different levels of capacity, speed, and durability to suit specific storage needs.
Storage media encompass physical or digital mediums used for storing and preserving digital data. From optical discs and magnetic tapes to USB flash drives and memory cards, storage media come in diverse formats and capacities, offering flexibility and reliability for data storage and archival purposes.
Storage systems comprise hardware and software components designed to manage and store digital data efficiently. These systems range from simple standalone devices to complex network-attached storage (NAS) and storage area network (SAN) solutions, providing scalable storage capacity and data protection features for businesses and enterprises.
Switches control electrical current flow by making or breaking connections. These devices vary in design and application, from basic on/off switches to complex industrial automation systems.
Telecom integrated circuits (ICs) are specialized electronics for telecommunications, tailored to high data rates, low power use, and reliable long-distance transmission. These devices include amplifiers, filters, ADCs, DACs, and more-- and they are often integrated on one chip for specific telecom tasks.
Terminal blocks, or connection terminals, are modular blocks that bring together multiple electrical wires at one connection point. They offer a reliable, organized way to terminate cables.
Thermal management devices control heat in electronic systems, preventing overheating and ensuring optimal performance and reliability. Examples include heat sinks, fans, and thermal interface materials that dissipate or transfer heat away from components.
Transformers are devices that alter electrical voltage levels between circuits through electromagnetic induction. They are vital in power distribution, converting high-voltage electricity for transmission and lower voltage for safe usage.
Transistors are 3-layer semiconductor devices that regulate the flow of electrical current. They function as amplifiers, boosting weak signals, and as switches, controlling the flow of current between terminals.
Triggering devices initiate electronic processes or events in response to specific conditions. These devices support many automated tasks such as activating switches and signals, or turning on lights when motion is detected.
Video cards, also known as graphics cards or GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), are essential components in computers, responsible for rendering graphics and images on display devices. These cards feature dedicated processors and memory, delivering smooth and immersive visual experiences for gaming, multimedia, and professional applications.
Choose from over than a million of proven quality materials. Over 300 manufacturers are presented. From renowned major international players to small independent companies with a proven track record in local markets.
Featured manufacturers
Atmel ATF1502ASV-20AC44 is a 32 macrocell EE PLD with 20ns propagation delay, operating at max 3.6V. It's a CMOS technology-based programmable logic device in a square package for applications requiring high-speed processing up to 83.3MHz, suitable for commercial temperature environments.
Median Price
-
Lifecycle Status
Suppliers In-Stock
4
In-Stock Inventory
1k+
Vyrian
1+ parts
100+ parts
1k+ parts
10k+ parts
VNN
Digiode
Nova Conductors
AZTECH Wire
$14.300
Ampacity Inc.
$15.000
Argo Parts USA
Continental Prestige Electronics
Corphita
Supply Digital
Microchip USA
Aranea Global
Provides durability and protection for the internal components of the device, ensuring a longer lifespan.
Fast propagation delay allows for quick response times in processing data, resulting in efficient operation.
Surface mount technology makes the device easy to install on circuit boards, saving time and space in electronic designs.
Can handle high voltage inputs without risking damage to the device, providing reliability in various applications.
Having a high number of macro cells offers flexibility in designing complex logic functions and circuits.
CMOS technology ensures low power consumption and high-speed operation, making the device suitable for energy-efficient applications.
Square package shape allows for efficient use of space on a circuit board, optimizing layout and design.
Gull wing terminals provide secure and reliable connections, reducing the risk of signal loss or disconnection.
Stable nominal supply voltage ensures consistent performance and reliability of the device across different operating conditions.
The specified power supply voltage matches the nominal supply voltage, ensuring compatibility and efficient power management.
Programmable Logic Devices (PLD) ATF1502ASV-20AC44 attributes and parameters. Explore more Programmable Logic Devices (PLD) devices from Atmel
Programmable IC Type:
In-System Programmable:
Organization:
Output Function:
No. of Macro Cells:
No. of Dedicated Inputs:
No. of I/O Lines:
Maximum Clock Frequency:
Propagation Delay:
Technology:
Sub-Category:
Nominal Supply Voltage:
Minimum Supply Voltage:
Maximum Supply Voltage:
Power Supplies (V):
Maximum Operating Temperature:
Minimum Operating Temperature:
Temprature Grade:
Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL):
Package Body Material:
Package Style (Meter):
Package Code:
Package Shape:
Package Equivalence Code:
Width:
Length:
Maximum Seated Height:
Terminal Position:
Terminal Form:
No. of Terminals:
Terminal Pitch:
Terminal Finish:
JESD-30 Code:
JESD-609 Code:
JTAG Boundary Scan Test:
Qualified:
ATF1502ASV-20AC44 Programmable ICs trade compliance attributes, and parameters.
HTS
8542.39.00.01
SB
8542.39.00.00
PCN Packaging - MBB/Label Chgs 16/Nov/2018 Transfer to Microchip/Label/Pkg 5/Sep/2016
Atmel Corporation was a creator and manufacturer of semiconductors before being subsumed by Microchip Technology in 2016. Atmel was founded in 1984. The company focused on embedded systems built around microcontrollers
LL4148
Micronas Semiconductor Holding Ag
RECTIFIER DIODE; Surface Mount: YES; No. of Phases: 1; Maximum Repetitive Peak Reverse Voltage: 100 V; Maximum Output Current: .2 A; Maximum Forward Voltage (VF): 1.2 V;
BAV99
Temic Semiconductors
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: DUAL; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 3; Surface Mount: YES; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
1N4148
Good-ark Electronics
RECTIFIER DIODE; Surface Mount: NO; No. of Elements: 1; Maximum Non Repetitive Peak Forward Current: .5 A; Maximum Forward Voltage (VF): 1 V; No. of Phases: 1;
SS14
Rfe International
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: DUAL; Terminal Form: C BEND; No. of Terminals: 2; Surface Mount: YES; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
FDC5614P
TAIZHOU ELECTRONICS CO LTD
P-CHANNEL; Configuration: SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE; Surface Mount: YES; Maximum Power Dissipation (Abs): 1.92 W; Maximum Operating Temperature: 150 Cel; Package Body Material: PLASTIC/EPOXY;
CRG0805F10R
TE Connectivity
TE Connectivity's CRG0805F10R is a 10 ohm fixed resistor with 1% tolerance and 0.125 W power dissipation. It features thick film technology, SMT package style, and matte tin over nickel terminal finish. Ideal for surface mount applications in electronics, offering a temperature coefficient of 200 ppm/°C and operating voltage of 150 V.
LM358ADR
Texas Instruments
LM358ADR by Texas Instruments is an operational amplifier with 2 functions, featuring a max input offset voltage of 5000 uV and nominal voltage of 5V. Widely used in applications requiring high voltage gain, it operates within a temperature range of 0-70°C and offers frequency compensation for stability.
SMBJ18CA
Shenzhen Socay Electronics
TRANS VOLTAGE SUPPRESSOR DIODE; Terminal Position: DUAL; Terminal Form: C BEND; No. of Terminals: 2; Surface Mount: YES; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
LM555CMX
LM555CMX by Texas Instruments is an Analog Waveform Generation IC with 8 terminals. It operates at a nominal voltage of 5V and supports power supplies ranging from 5V to 15V. This versatile IC, housed in a small outline package, is commonly used for pulse and rectangular waveform generation in commercial temperature environments.
LM317T
Motorola
ADJUSTABLE POSITIVE SINGLE OUTPUT STANDARD REGULATOR; No. of Terminals: 3; Package Code: TO-220; Terminal Form: THROUGH-HOLE; No. of Outputs: 1; Package Equivalence Code: SIP3,.1TB;
LM7805CT
Onsemi
FIXED POSITIVE SINGLE OUTPUT STANDARD REGULATOR; No. of Terminals: 3; Package Code: TO-220; Terminal Form: THROUGH-HOLE; Maximum Input Voltage Absolute: 35 V; Maximum Voltage Tolerance: 5 %;
0462-201-16141
TE Connectivity's 0462-201-16141 is a CRIMP terminal with MACHINED contact design. It operates b/w -55 to 125 °C, suitable for wire gauges from 20 to 16 AWG. With a rated current of 13A, it is ideal for applications requiring FEMALE ROUND PIN-SOCKET contacts.
Diodes Incorporated
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: AXIAL; Terminal Form: WIRE; No. of Terminals: 2; Surface Mount: NO; Package Shape: ROUND;
Synsemi
FDV304P
Fairchild Semiconductor
P-CHANNEL; Configuration: SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE; Surface Mount: YES; Maximum Power Dissipation (Abs): .35 W; Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL): 1; Maximum Drain Current (ID): .46 A;
Changzhou Starsea Electronics
KSZ9031RNXIA
Micrel
ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER; Temperature Grade: INDUSTRIAL; Terminal Form: NO LEAD; No. of Terminals: 48; Package Code: HVQCCN; Package Shape: SQUARE;
2N7002
Rectron
N-CHANNEL; Configuration: SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE; Surface Mount: YES; Operating Mode: ENHANCEMENT MODE; Maximum Operating Temperature: 150 Cel; Terminal Form: GULL WING;
2N2222A
New England Semiconductor
NPN; Configuration: SINGLE; Surface Mount: NO; Nominal Transition Frequency (fT): 300 MHz; Maximum Power Dissipation (Abs): .5 W; Maximum Collector Current (IC): .8 A;
Kingwell Technonlogy
5M570ZT144I5
Altera
FLASH PLD; Grading Of Temperature: INDUSTRIAL; Form Of Terminal: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 144; Package Code: LFQFP; Package Shape: SQUARE;
5962-8867005LA
Qp Semiconductor
OT PLD; Grading Of Temperature: MILITARY; Form Of Terminal: THROUGH-HOLE; No. of Terminals: 24; Package Code: DIP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
EPM2210F324I5N
Intel
The Intel EPM2210F324I5N is a programmable logic device (PLD) with 1700 macro cells and 272 inputs/outputs. It uses CMOS technology and has a max supply voltage of 2.625V. This PLD is suitable for applications requiring in-system programmability and output functions using macrocells.
EPM3512AQC208-10N
EE PLD; Grading Of Temperature: COMMERCIAL; Form Of Terminal: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 208; Package Code: FQFP; Package Shape: SQUARE;
XC2C64A-7QFG48C
Xilinx
XC2C64A-7QFG48C by Xilinx is a 64-macrocell FLASH PLD with 7.5 ns propagation delay, operating at up to 200 MHz. It features in-system programmability and offers 37 I/O lines for various applications requiring fast processing speeds and low power consumption. Ideal for commercial use, this PLD has a compact square chip carrier package with a very thin profile, making it suitable for space-constrained designs.
EPM7128BTC100-4N
EPM7128BTC100-4N by Intel is a 128 macrocell EE PLD with 84 I/O lines, operating at up to 243.9 MHz clock frequency. It has a propagation delay of 4 ns and can be used for in-system programmable applications requiring low profile, fine pitch packaging.
SLG46826V
Renesas Electronics
SLG46826V by Renesas Electronics is a programmable logic device (PLD) with 19 macro cells and 13 inputs. It has a max supply voltage of 5.5V and can be used for various applications requiring in-system programmability and output function control.
ATF22V10C-15PU
Atmel
FLASH PLD; Grading Of Temperature: INDUSTRIAL; Form Of Terminal: THROUGH-HOLE; No. of Terminals: 24; Package Code: DIP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
ATF1504BE-7AU100
Microchip Technology
Microchip Technology's ATF1504BE-7AU100 is a 100-terminal PLD with 7.5ns propagation delay, suitable for industrial applications. Featuring CMOS technology and a max supply voltage of 1.9V, it offers 64 I/O lines and operates b/w -40 to 85°C. Ideal for designs requiring fast response times in compact form factors.
XC95144XL-7TQ144I
XC95144XL-7TQ144I by Xilinx is a programmable logic device with 144 macro cells and 117 inputs/outputs. It operates at a max clock frequency of 138.88 MHz and is commonly used in industrial applications for its in-system programmability and low profile package style.
XCR3256XL-10TQG144C
Xilinx XCR3256XL-10TQG144C is a 256 macrocell EE PLD with 120 I/O lines, operating at up to 105 MHz. It features a propagation delay of 10 ns and can be in-system programmable. Ideal for applications requiring high-speed processing and versatile I/O capabilities in commercial-grade environments.
SLG46855VTR
SLG46855VTR by Renesas Electronics is a 15-cell OT PLD with 11 inputs/outputs, operating at 2.3-5.5 V and -40 to 85°C. It comes in a rectangular chip carrier package, suitable for applications requiring macrocell output functions in compact designs.
GAL16V8D-20QJI
Lattice Semiconductor
GAL16V8D-20QJI by Lattice Semiconductor is a 5.5V EE PLD with 20ns propagation delay, suitable for industrial applications. Featuring 18 inputs and 8 I/O lines, it offers a clock frequency of up to 41.6MHz in a square chip carrier package with J bend terminals.
5M570ZM100C5N
FLASH PLD; Grading Of Temperature: OTHER; Form Of Terminal: BALL; No. of Terminals: 100; Package Code: TFBGA; Package Shape: SQUARE;
M4A5-128/64-10VNC
M4A5-128/64-10VNC by Lattice Semiconductor is a 128 macrocell EE PLD with 64 I/O lines, operating at up to 62.5 MHz. It features a propagation delay of 10 ns and can be in-system programmable, making it ideal for applications requiring fast processing speeds and versatile input/output configurations. The device is designed for use in commercial-grade electronics that demand high-performance programmable logic devices with low power consumption.
EP1K50QC208-1N
LOADABLE PLD; Grading Of Temperature: COMMERCIAL; Form Of Terminal: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 208; Package Code: FQFP; Package Shape: SQUARE;
ATF1502ASV-15AU44
Microchip Technology's ATF1502ASV-15AU44 is a 32 macrocell EE PLD with 15 ns propagation delay, suitable for industrial applications. It operates at a max clock frequency of 100 MHz and has in-system programmability, making it ideal for high-speed digital designs. The device features JTAG boundary scan testing and can withstand temperatures ranging from -40 to 85°C.
GAL22V10D-25QJ
GAL22V10D-25QJ by Lattice Semiconductor is a 5.25V EE PLD with 132 product terms, 11 dedicated inputs, and 10 I/O lines. It features a propagation delay of 25ns, operates at up to 33.3MHz clock frequency, and is ideal for PAL-type applications requiring programmable logic devices in commercial extended temperature environments.
XC2C128-7VQ100I
XC2C128-7VQ100I by Xilinx is a 128 macrocell FLASH PLD with 80 I/O lines, operating at up to 119 MHz. It features a propagation delay of 7.5 ns and can handle a max supply voltage of 1.9 V. Ideal for industrial applications requiring in-system programmability and JTAG boundary scan testing capabilities.
XC9572XL-5TQG100C
The Xilinx XC9572XL-5TQG100C is a 72 macrocell CMOS PLD with 5 ns propagation delay. It operates at 3.3V and supports in-system programmability, making it ideal for applications requiring high clock frequencies up to 178.6 MHz such as digital signal processing and telecommunications systems.
Partstack™ will investigate all reported instances of potential suspect/counterfeit part listings.
ATF1504AS-10JU44
ATF1504AS-10JU44 by Microchip Technology is a programmable logic device (PLD) with 64 macro cells and 32 inputs/outputs. It has a max clock frequency of 125 MHz and can be used for in-system programming, making it suitable for industrial applications.
EE PLD; Grading Of Temperature: INDUSTRIAL; Form Of Terminal: J BEND; No. of Terminals: 44; Package Code: QCCJ; Package Shape: SQUARE;
ATF1508AS-10AU100
EE PLD; Grading Of Temperature: INDUSTRIAL; Form Of Terminal: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 100; Package Code: TFQFP; Package Shape: SQUARE;
Microchip ATF1508AS-10AU100 is a 128 macrocell EE PLD with 80 I/O lines. It operates at 125 MHz clock frequency, has 10 ns propagation delay, and supports in-system programming. Ideal for industrial applications requiring fast processing and versatile I/O capabilities.
ATF1504AS-10AU44
Microchip Technology's ATF1504AS-10AU44 is a 5.5V PLD with 10ns propagation delay, 64 macro cells, and 32 inputs. Ideal for industrial applications, it offers in-system programmability, JTAG boundary scan test support, and operates at temperatures ranging from -40 to 85°C.
EE PLD; Grading Of Temperature: INDUSTRIAL; Form Of Terminal: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 44; Package Code: TQFP; Package Shape: SQUARE;
ATF1508ASV-15AU100
Microchip's ATF1508ASV-15AU100 is a 128 macrocell EE PLD with 80 I/O lines. It operates at 3.3V, has a propagation delay of 15ns, and supports in-system programming. Ideal for industrial applications requiring high clock frequencies up to 100MHz.
ATF1504AS-10AU100
Microchip Technology's ATF1504AS-10AU100 is a 64 macro cell EE PLD with 64 inputs/outputs and 40 product terms. It operates at a max clock frequency of 125 MHz, with a propagation delay of 10 ns. Ideal for industrial applications requiring in-system programmability and JTAG boundary scan testing.
ATF1504ASV-15AU44
ATF1508ASV-15AU100-T
Microchip Technology's ATF1508ASV-15AU100-T is a 3.3V EE PLD with 15ns propagation delay and 100 terminals. Ideal for industrial applications, it features a max clock frequency of 100MHz, 80 I/O lines, and operates b/w -40 to 85°C.
ATF1504ASVL-20AU44
Microchip Technology's ATF1504ASVL-20AU44 is a 3.3V EE PLD with 32 I/O lines and 20ns propagation delay. Ideal for industrial applications, it features a max clock frequency of 83.3MHz and operates b/w -40 to 85°C, making it suitable for various programmable logic tasks.
ATF1508ASL-25AU100
Microchip ATF1508ASL-25AU100 is a 128 macrocell EE PLD with 25ns propagation delay, in-system programmable, and supports JTAG boundary scan test. Ideal for industrial applications requiring high-speed processing up to 33.3MHz, with a wide operating temperature range from -40°C to 85°C. Package style is flatpack, thin profile, fine pitch for compact designs.
ATF1504AS-10AU44-T
Microchip Technology's ATF1504AS-10AU44-T is a 32 I/O EE PLD with 10 ns propagation delay and 125 MHz clock frequency. Ideal for industrial applications, this PLD features a max supply voltage of 5.5 V and operates in temperatures ranging from -40 to 85 °C.
ATF1504AS-10JU84
EE PLD; Grading Of Temperature: INDUSTRIAL; Form Of Terminal: J BEND; No. of Terminals: 84; Package Code: QCCJ; Package Shape: SQUARE;
Microchip Technology's ATF1504AS-10JU84 is a 64 macrocell EE PLD with 32 inputs/outputs, 40 product terms, and 10ns propagation delay. Ideal for industrial applications, it operates b/w -40 to 85°C, supports JTAG boundary scan test, and has a max clock frequency of 125MHz.
Supply Digital Components
$106.00
$54.25
$11.90
$7.29
Quantity
12,000 In-Stock
Total price ≈ $80,197.29
© 2023 All rights reserved