Active filters amplify desired signals while rejecting unwanted frequencies, and can be tailored to meet application-specific requirements in electronics.
Amplifiers boost signal strength, match impedance levels, and are essential in many circuit systems, including audio, broadcasting, and telecommunications.
Batteries store and provide electrical energy, come in various types and sizes for multiple uses, rechargeable or single-use.
Capacitors store electrical charge with metallic plates and a dielectric; types vary and can be combined for specific circuit characteristics.
Chip carriers and sockets provide an interface between components and PCBs, enabling easy replacement or upgrading without soldering.
Circuit protection devices prevent damage from overcurrent flow, including fuses, breakers, surge protectors, and voltage regulators.
Connector accessories and support devices aid connector function and longevity, including backshells, grips, clamps, and ties; must be compatible with connector type.
Connectors join electronic circuits to transfer signals and power, come in various sizes and shapes, and include support accessories.
Converters transform DC input to another voltage level, essential in electronic systems, renewable energy, and automotive electronics.
Crystals and resonators generate and stabilize frequency signals via piezoelectricity. They are used in timing, frequency control, and filters. Crystals are quartz and resonators are ceramic with a built-in capacitor.
Semiconductor diodes control current flow in one direction (uni-directionality) via low resistance. Useful for rectification, voltage regulation, detection, and digital logic.
Discover essential electronic components for your devices, including CPU accelerators, system cache controllers, computer processors, motherboards, and graphics computing systems. Enhance device performance and connectivity with reliable components engineered for seamless integration and optimal functionality.
Fiber optics use light pulses to transmit data over long distances. They have superior bandwidth capacity, low signal attenuation, and secure physical properties. They are essential in telecommunications networks today.
Filters enhance signal processing by selectively passing desired frequencies while suppressing unwanted ones. Filters can be passive (using capacitors, resistors, and inductors) or active (using transistors or amplifiers).
Flash devices are non-volatile storage solutions that offer fast read and write speeds, making them ideal for applications requiring high-speed data transfer. These devices utilize flash memory technology, providing reliable storage for data-intensive tasks such as gaming, multimedia, and enterprise-level applications.
General purpose ICs consist of multiple individual circuits or components (e.g., logic gates, amplifiers, oscillators, etc.) that are combined onto a single integrated circuit chip for a smaller physical footprint.
I/O and storage controllers are crucial components in computer systems, managing input/output operations and storage devices. These controllers facilitate efficient data transfer between peripherals, storage drives, and the central processing unit (CPU), enhancing system performance and enabling seamless connectivity.
Inductors store energy in magnetic fields, oppose sudden changes in current flow and prevent electrical surges. Common inductor applications include power supplies, signal filters, and oscillators.
Interface ICs allow efficient device connectivity with high-speed data transfer and low power consumption.They can be ASIC or FPGA types, and may perform additional functions such as sensing, storage, and conversion.
Logic ICs can be used for storage, memory, amplification, and multiplexing. They perform fundamental logical operations on digital input signals (1, 0, H, L) to generate a corresponding digital output signal.
Memory modules are essential components in electronic devices, storing data temporarily or permanently for processing and retrieval. From volatile RAM (Random Access Memory) to non-volatile ROM (Read-Only Memory), memory technologies vary in speed, capacity, and functionality, catering to diverse application requirements.
Memory ICs store digital data and retain the information even when the power is turned off. They come in various types, like RAM (Random Access Memory) for fast data access, and ROM (Read-Only Memory) for permanent data storage.
Miscellaneous semiconductor components are a diverse category of electronic components that combines elements from a mix of component devices.
Optoelectronic devices interact with light. This family of devices can emit light, detect light, generate current, and transmit light signals for long-distance communication.
Oscillators generate repetitive waveforms, such as sine, square, or triangle waves. They are commonly used to produce stable and precise frequencies for applications like clocks, signal generation, and communication systems.
Other Function Semiconductor components are a diverse category of semiconductor components that perform a range of specialized functions.
Passive component networks operate without a power source and support data transmission within system by performing filtering, energy storage, and/or signal coupling functions.
Peripheral ICs (Integrated Circuits) are designed to control and manage the peripheral devices connected to a computer or other electronic device.
Programmable Logic ICs are user-programmable devices that allow designers to create custom logic circuits. These cost saving ICs offer real-time data processing and maximum design flexibilty.
RF (Radio Frequency) and microwave devices are used in telecommunications, wireless communications, and electronic systems. These devices include amplifiers, attenuators, filters, mixers, oscillators, and antennas, and a host of other components.
Voltage regulators are used to ensure a constant output voltage despite power fluctuations and load changes. Linear and switching regulators are common types used to maintain voltage stability.
Relays are electromagnetic switches that are used to control the flow of electrical current in an electrical circuit. Relays are a safe means of providing isolation between a controlling circuit and a controlled circuit.
Resistors control the flow of electrical current in a circuit by introducing a set resistance. These passive components reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, and bias active elements in circuits.
Transducers convert energy from one form to another and are crucial in sensing, audio and control systems. They transform physical measures like temperature, pressure, or sound into electrical signals for circuits.
Storage drives are hardware devices used to store and retrieve digital data in computers and electronic devices. These drives come in various forms, including hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), and hybrid drives, offering different levels of capacity, speed, and durability to suit specific storage needs.
Storage media encompass physical or digital mediums used for storing and preserving digital data. From optical discs and magnetic tapes to USB flash drives and memory cards, storage media come in diverse formats and capacities, offering flexibility and reliability for data storage and archival purposes.
Storage systems comprise hardware and software components designed to manage and store digital data efficiently. These systems range from simple standalone devices to complex network-attached storage (NAS) and storage area network (SAN) solutions, providing scalable storage capacity and data protection features for businesses and enterprises.
Switches control electrical current flow by making or breaking connections. These devices vary in design and application, from basic on/off switches to complex industrial automation systems.
Telecom integrated circuits (ICs) are specialized electronics for telecommunications, tailored to high data rates, low power use, and reliable long-distance transmission. These devices include amplifiers, filters, ADCs, DACs, and more-- and they are often integrated on one chip for specific telecom tasks.
Terminal blocks, or connection terminals, are modular blocks that bring together multiple electrical wires at one connection point. They offer a reliable, organized way to terminate cables.
Thermal management devices control heat in electronic systems, preventing overheating and ensuring optimal performance and reliability. Examples include heat sinks, fans, and thermal interface materials that dissipate or transfer heat away from components.
Transformers are devices that alter electrical voltage levels between circuits through electromagnetic induction. They are vital in power distribution, converting high-voltage electricity for transmission and lower voltage for safe usage.
Transistors are 3-layer semiconductor devices that regulate the flow of electrical current. They function as amplifiers, boosting weak signals, and as switches, controlling the flow of current between terminals.
Triggering devices initiate electronic processes or events in response to specific conditions. These devices support many automated tasks such as activating switches and signals, or turning on lights when motion is detected.
Video cards, also known as graphics cards or GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), are essential components in computers, responsible for rendering graphics and images on display devices. These cards feature dedicated processors and memory, delivering smooth and immersive visual experiences for gaming, multimedia, and professional applications.
Choose from over than a million of proven quality materials. Over 300 manufacturers are presented. From renowned major international players to small independent companies with a proven track record in local markets.
Featured manufacturers
Vishay Intertechnology's LL4148-GS18 is a glass diode with 0.008 us reverse recovery time and 5 uA reverse current. Ideal for fast recovery applications, it has a max operating temperature of 175°C and can handle up to 0.15 A output current.
Median Price
$0.033
Lifecycle Status
Suppliers In-Stock
54
In-Stock Inventory
1k+
Adafruit Industries
1+ parts
$0.030
100+ parts
$0.028
1k+ parts
10k+ parts
-
Conrad
Arrow
$0.103
$0.047
$0.012
Mouser Electronics
$0.170
$0.069
$0.043
Newark
$0.181
$0.109
DigiKey
$0.230
$0.088
$0.057
$0.039
EBV Elektronik
TTI Europe
$0.009
Element14
$0.040
Avnet
$0.015
Verical
$0.011
Future Electronics
$0.010
RS (Exports)
$0.025
Chip1Stop
$0.034
EXC GmbH
Nova Conductors
Maritex
$0.048
TME
$0.080
$0.023
$0.013
DF Sales Co.
$0.140
Freelance Electronics
$0.233
$0.245
$0.231
NAC Semi
Rutronik
$0.007
Vyrian
IBS Electronics
Chip Stock
Schukat
$0.014
LIBRA Elektronik GmbH
GES GmbH
Q Components
ComSIT USA
Speed Components Ltd
ACDS - Activité Composants Distribution Service
Pegasus Components GmbH
Tectiva GmbH
ComSIT Distribution GmbH
Digital Electronic Gebert Verwaltungs UG
Sunrise Surplus Inc.
PC Components Company LLC
Connector Distribution Corp
Right Parts Inc.
Rebound Electronics
Goldney Electronics S.L.
EMSNET
Dan-Mar Components
Specialty Parts & Electronic Components, Inc. (S.P.E.C.)
Atlantic Semiconductor
North Shore Components
Component Sense
Bristol Electronics
Ashlea Components Ltd
Sogenti Electronics
Martec Srl
Holdelec - ElecDif-Pro
Ampacity Inc.
$0.008
Semicontronic
Continental Prestige Electronics
$0.027
Argo Parts USA
Modulus Dynamics
$0.029
Corohmni
Component Stockers USA
$0.020
Aztec Data Supply Inc.
Eastek
$0.021
GreenTree Electronics
Authorized Procurement Solutions
Perfect Parts
Cyclops Electronics Ltd (Excess)
Robosynatics
Glotronic Ltd.
Kepictronics
Metaverse IC Inc.
Speed Components Ltd (Excess)
QUARKTWIN TECHNOLOGY LTD
Assy Fe
Allen Electronics Distributors
$0.046
$0.035
Formix International (Excess)
Futuretech Components
Infinite Electronics LLP (Excess)
Netroflash
$0.026
EMSNET (Excess)
Glass package provides high thermal conductivity, allowing for efficient heat dissipation during operation.
Single configuration simplifies circuit design and reduces complexity.
Surface mount capability makes installation easier and saves space on the PCB.
Fast reverse recovery time ensures minimal power loss and improves efficiency.
Low reverse current reduces leakage and improves overall performance.
Round shape allows for better thermal properties and more efficient heat dissipation.
High reverse test voltage ensures reliability and durability under various operating conditions.
Two terminals make for easy installation and connection in a circuit.
Long form package style provides versatility in mounting options and compatibility with various systems.
Fast recovery diode is ideal for high-speed switching applications and helps minimize switching losses.
High maximum operating temperature allows for reliable performance in extreme conditions.
Tin silver terminal finish provides good conductivity and corrosion resistance for long-term reliability.
End terminal position simplifies installation and connection in a circuit.
Isolated case connection helps prevent electrical interference and improves safety in the circuit.
Low power dissipation helps improve efficiency and reduces heat generation during operation.
High minimum breakdown voltage ensures reliability and protection against overvoltage conditions.
Short reflow time allows for quick and efficient soldering during the manufacturing process.
High peak reflow temperature ensures proper soldering and reliability of the connections.
Rectifier diode is ideal for converting AC to DC and provides efficient power conversion in a circuit.
Low forward voltage drop ensures minimal power loss and high efficiency in the circuit.
High maximum output current capability allows for handling of higher currents in the circuit.
Wrap around terminal form provides secure connections and easy soldering in the circuit.
High maximum repetitive peak reverse voltage ensures reliability and protection against reverse voltage spikes.
High maximum non-repetitive peak forward current capability allows for handling of peak current surges in the circuit.
Silicon diode element material provides good thermal properties and efficient conduction in the circuit.
Diodes & Rectifiers LL4148-GS18 attributes and parameters. Explore more Diodes & Rectifiers devices from Vishay Intertechnology
Application:
Minimum Breakdown Voltage:
Case Connection:
Config:
Diode Element Material:
Diode Type:
Maximum Forward Voltage (VF):
JESD-30 Code:
JESD-609 Code:
Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL):
Maximum Non Repetitive Peak Forward Current:
No. of Elements:
No. of Phases:
No. of Terminals:
Maximum Operating Temperature:
Maximum Output Current:
Package Body Material:
Package Shape:
Package Style (Meter):
Peak Reflow Temperature (C):
Maximum Power Dissipation:
Qualification:
Maximum Repetitive Peak Reverse Voltage:
Maximum Reverse Current:
Maximum Reverse Recovery Time:
Reverse Test Voltage:
Sub-Category:
Surface Mount:
Terminal Finish:
Terminal Form:
Terminal Position:
Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s):
LL4148-GS18 Diodes trade compliance attributes, and parameters.
ECCN
EAR99
ECCN Governance
EAR
HTS
8541.10.00.70
SB
Vishay Intertechnology, Inc. is a renowned American manufacturer of discrete semiconductors and passive electronic components that have been used in many consumer products and industrial applications worldwide. Founded by Polish-born businessman Felix Zandman in 1962, Vishay has grown to become one of the world's largest manufacturers of these components, with a strong presence in every major market around the globe. The company also offers value-added solutions such as its patented passive components, replacing a number of legacy parts with more reliable, cost effective solutions.
Executive Chairman of the Board, Chief Business Development Officer
Marc Zandman
Chief Executive Officer, President, and Director
Joel Smejkal
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Lori Lipcaman
Itzehoe - Fab Phase 1
Fabrication
Fab Initiation
2025
Germany
Itzehoe
Wafer Capacity
US - Fab 3
1986
USA
Santa Clara
24,500
US - Fab 2
1972
8,000
Austria
1984
Vöcklabruck
25,000
Taiwan
1967
Hsintien
12,000
Italy - Fab 8
1961
Canada
Torino
15,000
Israel
2000
Yokneam Illit
400
RC0603FR-071KL
Yageo
Yageo's RC0603FR-071KL is a fixed resistor with 1000 ohm resistance, 1% tolerance, and 0.1 W power dissipation. Ideal for surface mount applications in electronics, it operates b/w -55 to 155 °C with a temperature coefficient of 100 ppm/°C.
M39029/58-360
Tri-star Electronics International
CONNECTOR ACCESSORY; Material: COPPER ALLOY; MIL Conformity: YES; Associated Military - Specifications: MIL-C-55302/69, MIL-C-38999; MIL-Connector Accessory Name: CONTACT; Terminal Type: CRIMP;
NC7WZ17P6X
Onsemi
The Onsemi NC7WZ17P6X is a logic gate with 2 functions, featuring a propagation delay of 13.1 ns at 1.8V supply voltage. Ideal for industrial applications, it operates b/w -40 to 85°C and has a max power supply current of 100mA. With Schmitt Trigger technology and small outline packaging, it suits compact electronic designs requiring fast signal processing.
LM317AEMP/NOPB
National Semiconductor
ADJUSTABLE POSITIVE SINGLE OUTPUT STANDARD REGULATOR; No. of Terminals: 3; Package Code: SOP; Terminal Form: GULL WING; Qualification Status: Not Qualified; Width: 3.56 mm;
BSS84PH6327XTSA2
Infineon Technologies
BSS84PH6327XTSA2 by Infineon is a P-CHANNEL FET with 60V DS breakdown voltage, ideal for switching applications. It features a single configuration with built-in diode and operates in enhancement mode. With a max drain current of 0.17A and on-resistance of 8 ohm, it offers reliable performance in small outline packages.
1N4148WS
Multicomp Pro
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: DUAL; Terminal Form: FLAT; No. of Terminals: 2; Surface Mount: YES; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
1N4148
Shanghai Lunsure Electronic Technology
RECTIFIER DIODE; Surface Mount: NO; Maximum Forward Voltage (VF): 1 V; Maximum Output Current: .15 A; Maximum Reverse Recovery Time: .004 us; Config: SINGLE;
2N2222A
Boca Semiconductor
NPN; Configuration: SINGLE; Surface Mount: NO; Nominal Transition Frequency (fT): 300 MHz; Maximum Power Dissipation (Abs): .5 W; Maximum Collector Current (IC): .8 A;
New Jersey Semiconductor Products
NPN; Configuration: SINGLE; Surface Mount: NO; Nominal Transition Frequency (fT): 300 MHz; Maximum Collector Current (IC): .8 A; Package Shape: ROUND;
ULN2803A
Allegro MicroSystems
NPN; Configuration: 8 BANKS, DARLINGTON WITH BUILT-IN DIODE AND RESISTOR; Surface Mount: NO; Maximum Collector Current (IC): .5 A; Maximum Operating Temperature: 85 Cel; Terminal Form: THROUGH-HOLE;
PAP-06V-S
J S T Mfg
PAP-06V-S by J S T Mfg is a 6-contact BOARD CONNECTOR with 94V-0 UL Flammability Code. It has FEMALE contacts, CRIMP termination, and comes WITH CABLE ASSEMBLY for CABLE mounting applications.
LL4148
Daco Semiconductor
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: END; Terminal Form: WRAP AROUND; No. of Terminals: 2; Surface Mount: YES; Package Shape: ROUND;
STM32F103C8T6
STMicroelectronics
STM32F103C8T6 by STMicroelectronics is a 32-bit microcontroller with 48 terminals, operating at up to 16 MHz. It features 10-Ch 12-Bit ADC channels and 7 DMA channels, suitable for industrial applications requiring low power consumption and high-speed connectivity via CAN, I2C(2), SPI(2), USART(3), USB.
LM107H/883C
Rochester Electronics
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER; Temperature Grade: MILITARY; Terminal Form: WIRE; No. of Terminals: 8; Package Shape: ROUND; Package Equivalence Code: CAN8,.2;
NPN; Configuration: SINGLE; Surface Mount: NO; Nominal Transition Frequency (fT): 300 MHz; Maximum Power Dissipation (Abs): .5 W; Maximum Collector Current (IC): .5 A;
DS18B20Z+T&R
Analog Devices
DS18B20Z+T&R by Analog Devices is a 12-bit temperature sensor with 1-Wire interface. It operates b/w -55 to 125°C, offering ±0.5°C accuracy. The sensor comes in a plastic package suitable for surface mount applications, with a max supply voltage of 5.5V and min of 3V.
Amphenol
CONNECTOR ACCESSORY; MIL Conformity: YES; Associated Military - Specifications: MIL-DTL-38999; Contact Gender: MALE; Terminal Type: CRIMP; IEC Conformity: NO;
BAV99
MICRODIODE ELECTRONICS SHENZHEN CO LTD
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: DUAL; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 3; Surface Mount: YES; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
SMBJ18CA
Good-ark Electronics
TRANS VOLTAGE SUPPRESSOR DIODE; Surface Mount: YES; Maximum Repetitive Peak Reverse Voltage: 18 V; Nominal Breakdown Voltage: 21.05 V; Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s): 10; JESD-609 Code: e3;
BSS138
Taitron Components
N-CHANNEL; Configuration: SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE; Surface Mount: YES; Maximum Drain-Source On Resistance: 3.5 ohm; Maximum Drain Current (ID): .2 A; Peak Reflow Temperature (C): NOT SPECIFIED;
1N4007G
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: AXIAL; Terminal Form: WIRE; No. of Terminals: 2; Surface Mount: NO; Package Shape: ROUND;
Sensitron Semiconductor
MBR30100CT
Micro Commercial Components
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: SINGLE; Terminal Form: THROUGH-HOLE; No. of Terminals: 3; Surface Mount: NO; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
SS34
Zowie Technology
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: DUAL; Terminal Form: C BEND; No. of Terminals: 2; Surface Mount: YES; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
Changzhou Starsea Electronics
1N4007
Master Instrument
MBR0540T3G
MBR0540T3G by Onsemi is a Schottky rectifier diode with a max forward voltage of 0.62V and output current of 0.5A. It operates b/w -55°C to 150°C, making it suitable for various applications requiring a small outline package style and surface mount configuration. With a max repetitive peak reverse voltage of 40V, it is commonly used in electronic circuits for power management purposes.
Nexperia
SS14+
SS14+ by Multicomp Pro is a Schottky rectifier diode with a max output current of 1A and a reverse test voltage of 40V. It is designed for surface mount applications in electronic circuits, offering a small outline package style and dual terminal position. With a temperature range from -65°C to 150°C, it is suitable for various industrial and consumer electronics.
Vishay Intertechnology
Vishay Intertechnology's 1N4007G is a single rectifier diode with a max output current of 1A and a max repetitive peak reverse voltage of 1000V. With a fast max reverse recovery time of 2us, it is ideal for applications requiring high efficiency and reliability in temperature ranges from -65 to 175°C.
International Semiconductor
MCL4148-TR
Vishay Semiconductors
S1M
Rfe International
MBR0520LT1
MBR0520LT1 by Onsemi is a Schottky rectifier diode with a max forward voltage of 0.385V and output current of 0.5A. It operates b/w -65°C to 125°C, making it suitable for applications requiring low power consumption in compact electronic devices. This single-configured diode is surface mountable and has a max repetitive peak reverse voltage of 20V, ideal for small outline package designs.
MBR3060PT-E3/45
Vishay Intertechnology's MBR3060PT-E3/45 is a Schottky rectifier diode with 2 elements, common cathode configuration, and max output current of 15A. It operates b/w -65°C to 150°C, ideal for efficiency applications. The diode has a max forward voltage of 0.65V and a max repetitive peak reverse voltage of 60V.
MURA120T3G
MURA120T3G by Onsemi is a single rectifier diode with a max forward voltage of 0.71V and output current of 2A. It operates b/w -65 to 175°C, has a peak reflow temperature of 260°C, and a reverse recovery time of 0.035us. Ideal for applications requiring high-speed switching in compact electronic devices.
MCL4148
Diodes Incorporated
RECTIFIER DIODE; Surface Mount: YES; Terminal Finish: Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb); Maximum Operating Temperature: 175 Cel; No. of Elements: 1; JESD-609 Code: e0;
Taiwan Semiconductor
Eic Semiconductor
Partstack™ will investigate all reported instances of potential suspect/counterfeit part listings.
LL4148-GS08
Telefunken Microelectronics
RECTIFIER DIODE; Surface Mount: YES; JESD-609 Code: e0; No. of Elements: 1; Maximum Operating Temperature: 175 Cel; Maximum Non Repetitive Peak Forward Current: 2 A;
The Vishay Intertechnology LL4148-GS08 is a glass diode with fast recovery time of 0.008 us and max reverse current of 5 uA. Ideal for applications requiring rectification, it has a breakdown voltage of 100 V and can handle a peak forward current of 2 A.
Vishay Telefunken
LL4148GS08
Temic Semiconductors
LL4148GS08 by Temic Semiconductors is a glass diode with a max reverse recovery time of 0.008 us and max forward voltage of 1 V. It is a rectifier diode with a max output current of 0.15 A, ideal for applications requiring fast switching speeds and low power dissipation in electronic circuits.
Micronas Semiconductor Holding Ag
RECTIFIER DIODE; Surface Mount: YES; No. of Phases: 1; Maximum Repetitive Peak Reverse Voltage: 100 V; Maximum Output Current: .2 A; Maximum Forward Voltage (VF): 1.2 V;
Bkc Semiconductors
Panjit International
Promax-johnton
Diotec Semiconductor Ag
Changzhou Galaxy Century Microelectronics
Sinyork
RECTIFIER DIODE; Surface Mount: YES; Config: SINGLE; No. of Phases: 1; No. of Elements: 1; Maximum Repetitive Peak Reverse Voltage: 100 V;
Yangzhou Yangjie Electronics
Leshan Radio
RECTIFIER DIODE; Surface Mount: YES; Maximum Non Repetitive Peak Forward Current: 2 A; Maximum Reverse Recovery Time: .004 us; No. of Phases: 1; Maximum Operating Temperature: 175 Cel;
Rectron
Weitronic Enterprise
Weitron Technology
RECTIFIER DIODE; Surface Mount: YES; Maximum Forward Voltage (VF): 1 V; Maximum Non Repetitive Peak Forward Current: .5 A; No. of Elements: 1; Maximum Reverse Recovery Time: .004 us;
Supply Digital Components
$106.00
$54.25
$11.90
$7.29
Quantity
12,000 In-Stock
Total price ≈ $80,197.29
© 2023 All rights reserved