Active filters amplify desired signals while rejecting unwanted frequencies, and can be tailored to meet application-specific requirements in electronics.
Amplifiers boost signal strength, match impedance levels, and are essential in many circuit systems, including audio, broadcasting, and telecommunications.
Batteries store and provide electrical energy, come in various types and sizes for multiple uses, rechargeable or single-use.
Capacitors store electrical charge with metallic plates and a dielectric; types vary and can be combined for specific circuit characteristics.
Chip carriers and sockets provide an interface between components and PCBs, enabling easy replacement or upgrading without soldering.
Circuit protection devices prevent damage from overcurrent flow, including fuses, breakers, surge protectors, and voltage regulators.
Connector accessories and support devices aid connector function and longevity, including backshells, grips, clamps, and ties; must be compatible with connector type.
Connectors join electronic circuits to transfer signals and power, come in various sizes and shapes, and include support accessories.
Converters transform DC input to another voltage level, essential in electronic systems, renewable energy, and automotive electronics.
Crystals and resonators generate and stabilize frequency signals via piezoelectricity. They are used in timing, frequency control, and filters. Crystals are quartz and resonators are ceramic with a built-in capacitor.
Semiconductor diodes control current flow in one direction (uni-directionality) via low resistance. Useful for rectification, voltage regulation, detection, and digital logic.
Discover essential electronic components for your devices, including CPU accelerators, system cache controllers, computer processors, motherboards, and graphics computing systems. Enhance device performance and connectivity with reliable components engineered for seamless integration and optimal functionality.
Fiber optics use light pulses to transmit data over long distances. They have superior bandwidth capacity, low signal attenuation, and secure physical properties. They are essential in telecommunications networks today.
Filters enhance signal processing by selectively passing desired frequencies while suppressing unwanted ones. Filters can be passive (using capacitors, resistors, and inductors) or active (using transistors or amplifiers).
Flash devices are non-volatile storage solutions that offer fast read and write speeds, making them ideal for applications requiring high-speed data transfer. These devices utilize flash memory technology, providing reliable storage for data-intensive tasks such as gaming, multimedia, and enterprise-level applications.
General purpose ICs consist of multiple individual circuits or components (e.g., logic gates, amplifiers, oscillators, etc.) that are combined onto a single integrated circuit chip for a smaller physical footprint.
I/O and storage controllers are crucial components in computer systems, managing input/output operations and storage devices. These controllers facilitate efficient data transfer between peripherals, storage drives, and the central processing unit (CPU), enhancing system performance and enabling seamless connectivity.
Inductors store energy in magnetic fields, oppose sudden changes in current flow and prevent electrical surges. Common inductor applications include power supplies, signal filters, and oscillators.
Interface ICs allow efficient device connectivity with high-speed data transfer and low power consumption.They can be ASIC or FPGA types, and may perform additional functions such as sensing, storage, and conversion.
Logic ICs can be used for storage, memory, amplification, and multiplexing. They perform fundamental logical operations on digital input signals (1, 0, H, L) to generate a corresponding digital output signal.
Memory modules are essential components in electronic devices, storing data temporarily or permanently for processing and retrieval. From volatile RAM (Random Access Memory) to non-volatile ROM (Read-Only Memory), memory technologies vary in speed, capacity, and functionality, catering to diverse application requirements.
Memory ICs store digital data and retain the information even when the power is turned off. They come in various types, like RAM (Random Access Memory) for fast data access, and ROM (Read-Only Memory) for permanent data storage.
Miscellaneous semiconductor components are a diverse category of electronic components that combines elements from a mix of component devices.
Optoelectronic devices interact with light. This family of devices can emit light, detect light, generate current, and transmit light signals for long-distance communication.
Oscillators generate repetitive waveforms, such as sine, square, or triangle waves. They are commonly used to produce stable and precise frequencies for applications like clocks, signal generation, and communication systems.
Other Function Semiconductor components are a diverse category of semiconductor components that perform a range of specialized functions.
Passive component networks operate without a power source and support data transmission within system by performing filtering, energy storage, and/or signal coupling functions.
Peripheral ICs (Integrated Circuits) are designed to control and manage the peripheral devices connected to a computer or other electronic device.
Programmable Logic ICs are user-programmable devices that allow designers to create custom logic circuits. These cost saving ICs offer real-time data processing and maximum design flexibilty.
RF (Radio Frequency) and microwave devices are used in telecommunications, wireless communications, and electronic systems. These devices include amplifiers, attenuators, filters, mixers, oscillators, and antennas, and a host of other components.
Voltage regulators are used to ensure a constant output voltage despite power fluctuations and load changes. Linear and switching regulators are common types used to maintain voltage stability.
Relays are electromagnetic switches that are used to control the flow of electrical current in an electrical circuit. Relays are a safe means of providing isolation between a controlling circuit and a controlled circuit.
Resistors control the flow of electrical current in a circuit by introducing a set resistance. These passive components reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, and bias active elements in circuits.
Transducers convert energy from one form to another and are crucial in sensing, audio and control systems. They transform physical measures like temperature, pressure, or sound into electrical signals for circuits.
Storage drives are hardware devices used to store and retrieve digital data in computers and electronic devices. These drives come in various forms, including hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), and hybrid drives, offering different levels of capacity, speed, and durability to suit specific storage needs.
Storage media encompass physical or digital mediums used for storing and preserving digital data. From optical discs and magnetic tapes to USB flash drives and memory cards, storage media come in diverse formats and capacities, offering flexibility and reliability for data storage and archival purposes.
Storage systems comprise hardware and software components designed to manage and store digital data efficiently. These systems range from simple standalone devices to complex network-attached storage (NAS) and storage area network (SAN) solutions, providing scalable storage capacity and data protection features for businesses and enterprises.
Switches control electrical current flow by making or breaking connections. These devices vary in design and application, from basic on/off switches to complex industrial automation systems.
Telecom integrated circuits (ICs) are specialized electronics for telecommunications, tailored to high data rates, low power use, and reliable long-distance transmission. These devices include amplifiers, filters, ADCs, DACs, and more-- and they are often integrated on one chip for specific telecom tasks.
Terminal blocks, or connection terminals, are modular blocks that bring together multiple electrical wires at one connection point. They offer a reliable, organized way to terminate cables.
Thermal management devices control heat in electronic systems, preventing overheating and ensuring optimal performance and reliability. Examples include heat sinks, fans, and thermal interface materials that dissipate or transfer heat away from components.
Transformers are devices that alter electrical voltage levels between circuits through electromagnetic induction. They are vital in power distribution, converting high-voltage electricity for transmission and lower voltage for safe usage.
Transistors are 3-layer semiconductor devices that regulate the flow of electrical current. They function as amplifiers, boosting weak signals, and as switches, controlling the flow of current between terminals.
Triggering devices initiate electronic processes or events in response to specific conditions. These devices support many automated tasks such as activating switches and signals, or turning on lights when motion is detected.
Video cards, also known as graphics cards or GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), are essential components in computers, responsible for rendering graphics and images on display devices. These cards feature dedicated processors and memory, delivering smooth and immersive visual experiences for gaming, multimedia, and professional applications.
Choose from over than a million of proven quality materials. Over 300 manufacturers are presented. From renowned major international players to small independent companies with a proven track record in local markets.
Featured manufacturers
ADV7152LS85 by Analog Devices is a Display Controller with 100 terminals, operating at 85 MHz clock frequency. It has a supply voltage range of 4.75V to 5.25V and supports an external data bus width of 10 bits. Ideal for commercial applications requiring high-speed display control and palette DAC functionality.
Median Price
-
Lifecycle Status
Suppliers In-Stock
2
In-Stock Inventory
1k+
Vyrian
1+ parts
100+ parts
1k+ parts
10k+ parts
Digiode
Semicontronic
$8.000
$7.800
$7.760
AZTECH Wire
$11.856
Parana Technologies
$17.998
$16.738
IDEA Electronic Components Group
$19.353
$18.385
DigiPath Technology Company
$30.191
$28.983
One Stop Electronics
$32.000
Corohmni
$58.030
Northwest PG Solutions
Native Components
Corphita
The use of plastic/epoxy material makes the product lightweight and durable, making it suitable for a variety of applications.
The higher maximum supply voltage allows for flexibility in power input, ensuring stable performance even in fluctuating power conditions.
The wide range of operating temperatures from 0°C ensures that the product can function reliably in various environmental conditions.
The high maximum clock frequency of 85 MHz indicates fast processing speeds, ideal for handling high-resolution display data effectively.
The inclusion of a display controller and palette DAC enhances the capabilities of the product, allowing for accurate color representation and display control.
Display Controllers ADV7152LS85 attributes and parameters. Explore more Display Controllers devices from Analog Devices
Address Bus Width:
Maximum Clock Frequency:
External Data Bus Width:
JESD-30 Code:
JESD-609 Code:
Length:
No. of Terminals:
Maximum Operating Temperature:
Minimum Operating Temperature:
Package Body Material:
Package Code:
Package Shape:
Package Style (Meter):
Qualification:
Maximum Seated Height:
Maximum Supply Voltage:
Minimum Supply Voltage:
Nominal Supply Voltage:
Surface Mount:
Technology:
Temperature Grade:
Terminal Finish:
Terminal Form:
Terminal Pitch:
Terminal Position:
Width:
Peripheral IC Type:
ADV7152LS85 Peripheral ICs trade compliance attributes, and parameters.
ECCN
EAR99
ECCN Governance
EAR
HTS
8542.39.00.01
SB
8542.39.00.00
Analog Devices Inc. (ADI) is one of the leading companies in the areas of integrated circuit (IC) design, manufacturing, testing, and marketing. ADI is known for their high-performance semiconductor solutions which enable customers to create innovative systems that solve critical challenges. The company has over 40 years of experience in the industry and has been consistently recognized as an industry leader for its innovation as well as its commitment to quality products and services. They have garnered numerous awards throughout the years including awards from Gartner Magic Quadrant for Industrial IoT Platforms; Frost & Sullivan’s Global Product Leadership Award; and various awards relating to automotive safety technology such as JESD209-3 Automotive Grade Certifications from AEC-Q100.
CEO
Vincent Roche
Interim CFO
James Mollica
CAO
Michael Sondel
Limerick Fab
Fabrication
Fab Initiation
1977
Ireland
Limerick
Wafer Capacity
30,000
Hillview Fab
2001
USA
Milpitas
15,000
Wilmington Fab
1967
Wilmington
50,000
Camas Fab
1997
Camas
18,000
Beaverton-Portland
1987
Beaverton
14,000
LL4148
Semtech Electronics
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: END; Terminal Form: WRAP AROUND; No. of Terminals: 2; Surface Mount: YES; Package Shape: ROUND;
MBR0520L-T1
Won-top Electronics
MBR0520L-T1 by Won-top Electronics is a Schottky rectifier diode with 20V peak reverse voltage and 0.5A output current. It is a single-config, surface-mount diode in a small outline package, suitable for applications requiring high-speed switching and low forward voltage drop. Operating temperature range from -65°C to 125°C makes it ideal for various electronic circuits.
Shanghai Lunsure Electronic Technology
RECTIFIER DIODE; Surface Mount: YES; Maximum Forward Voltage (VF): 1 V; Maximum Non Repetitive Peak Forward Current: .5 A; No. of Elements: 1; Maximum Reverse Recovery Time: .004 us;
1N4148
Taitron Components
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: AXIAL; Terminal Form: WIRE; No. of Terminals: 2; Surface Mount: NO; Package Shape: ROUND;
2N2222A
Swampscott Electronics
NPN; Configuration: SINGLE; Surface Mount: NO; Nominal Transition Frequency (fT): 300 MHz; Maximum Power Dissipation (Abs): .5 W; Maximum Collector Current (IC): .8 A;
1N4148WS
Weitron Technology
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: DUAL; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 2; Surface Mount: YES; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
C1005X7R1E103K050BB
TDK
The TDK C1005X7R1E103K050BB is a ceramic capacitor with capacitance of 0.01uF and rated DC voltage of 25V. It features X7R temperature characteristics, -55 to 125°C operating range, and ±10% tolerance. Ideal for surface mount applications requiring compact size and stable performance in various electronic circuits.
Silicon Standard
BAV99
Jgd Semiconductors
RECTIFIER DIODE; Surface Mount: YES; Maximum Reverse Recovery Time: .006 us; Maximum Repetitive Peak Reverse Voltage: 70 V; Maximum Forward Voltage (VF): 1 V; Maximum Operating Temperature: 150 Cel;
EPCS4SI8N
Altera
CONFIGURATION MEMORY; Temperature Grade: INDUSTRIAL; No. of Terminals: 8; Package Code: SOP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Parallel or Serial: SERIAL;
DP83848IVVX/NOPB
National Semiconductor
ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER; Temperature Grade: INDUSTRIAL; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 48; Package Code: QFP; Package Shape: SQUARE;
Yangzhou Yangjie Electronics
Taiwan Semiconductor
RECTIFIER DIODE; Surface Mount: NO; Peak Reflow Temperature (C): 260; Maximum Operating Temperature: 175 Cel; JESD-609 Code: e3; No. of Elements: 1;
LM317T
Comset Semiconductors
Other Regulators; No. of Terminals: 3; Terminal Pitch: 2.54 mm; Minimum Output Voltage-1: 1.2 V; Technology: BIPOLAR; Operating Temperature (TJ-Max): 125 Cel;
International Semiconductor
Tesla Elektronicke Soucastky
2N7002
Teledyne Components
N-CHANNEL; Configuration: SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE; Surface Mount: YES; JESD-30 Code: R-PDSO-G3; Maximum Operating Temperature: 150 Cel; No. of Terminals: 3;
Pro-an Electronic
BSS138
Infineon Technologies
N-CHANNEL; Configuration: SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE; Surface Mount: YES; Maximum Power Dissipation (Abs): .36 W; Maximum Drain Current (Abs) (ID): .2 A; Maximum Feedback Capacitance (Crss): 8 pF;
SCC63484C8A68
NXP Semiconductors
DISPLAY CONTROLLER, CRT CHARACTER OR GRAPHICS DISPLAY; Temperature Grade: COMMERCIAL; Terminal Form: J BEND; No. of Terminals: 68; Package Code: QCCJ; Package Shape: SQUARE;
TS9347FN
STMicroelectronics
STMicroelectronics TS9347FN is a Display Controller with 44 terminals, operating at 0-70 °C. It has a supply voltage of 5V and max current of 95.24mA. This MOS technology chip carrier is used in commercial applications for display control systems.
PCF2113AU/2
PCF2113AU/2 by NXP Semiconductors is a CMOS display controller designed for industrial applications, supporting 18x60 dot matrix displays. It operates b/w 1.8V and 5.5V with a max clock frequency of 2MHz and consumes only 0.4mA. Ideal for low-power LCD driving in various devices, it features an I2C bus compatibility.
M66004FP
Renesas Electronics
DISPLAY CONTROLLER, FLUORESCENT; Temperature Grade: COMMERCIAL; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 64; Package Code: SSOP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
HCD66712A02
DISPLAY CONTROLLER, DOT MATRIX LCD DRIVER; Terminal Form: NO LEAD; No. of Terminals: 128; Package Code: DIE; Package Shape: UNSPECIFIED; Package Style (Meter): UNCASED CHIP;
PCF2113AU/10/F4
DISPLAY CONTROLLER, DOT MATRIX LCD DRIVER; Temperature Grade: INDUSTRIAL; Terminal Form: NO LEAD; No. of Terminals: 112; Package Code: DIE; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
TVP3020-170PCE
Texas Instruments
TVP3020-170PCE by Texas Instruments is a display controller with 1600x1280 pixels. It operates at 4.75-5.25V, -40 to 70°C, and has an external data bus width of 8 bits. Ideal for commercial applications requiring high-resolution displays in a compact form factor.
ADV478KP80
Analog Devices
ADV478KP80 by Analog Devices is a Display Controller with 8-bit External Data Bus, 3-bit Address Bus, and 80 MHz Clock Frequency. It is used in commercial applications for driving displays and palette DACs, featuring a max supply voltage of 5.25 V and operating temperature range of 0 to 70°C.
TLC34058-125GA
TLC34058-125GA by Texas Instruments is a display controller with 1280x1024 pixel config, 125 MHz clock freq, and 8-bit external data bus. It operates b/w 0-70°C, suitable for commercial use in various applications requiring high-resolution displays and palette DAC peripherals.
HD66702RA00FL
DISPLAY CONTROLLER, DOT MATRIX LCD DRIVER; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 144; Package Code: LFQFP; Package Shape: SQUARE; Package Style (Meter): FLATPACK, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH;
UPD16312GB-3B4
DISPLAY CONTROLLER, FLUORESCENT; Temperature Grade: OTHER; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 44; Package Code: QFP; Package Shape: SQUARE;
R8A77450HA02BG#UA
DISPLAY CONTROLLER, CRT CHARACTER OR GRAPHICS DISPLAY; Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s): NOT SPECIFIED; Peak Reflow Temperature (C): NOT SPECIFIED;
JT6M74A-AS
Toshiba
DISPLAY CONTROLLER, DOT MATRIX LCD DISPLAY; Temperature Grade: COMMERCIAL; Terminal Form: NO LEAD; No. of Terminals: 76; Package Code: DIE; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
LC74789JM
Onsemi
LC74789JM by Onsemi is a Display Controller with 24 terminals, operating at temperatures from -30 °C to 70°C. It features a supply voltage of 5V and CMOS technology, suitable for graphics processing applications. The package is made of plastic/epoxy, surface mountable in a rectangular shape with gull wing terminals.
HCD66751SBP
DISPLAY CONTROLLER, DOT MATRIX LCD DRIVER; Temperature Grade: INDUSTRIAL; Terminal Form: NO LEAD; No. of Terminals: 328; Package Code: DIE; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
M66271FP
DISPLAY CONTROLLER, DOT MATRIX LCD DISPLAY; Temperature Grade: COMMERCIAL; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 80; Package Code: QFP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
TVP3030-220PPA
TVP3030-220PPA by Texas Instruments is a display controller with 1600x1280 pixels, 140 MHz clock frequency, and 8-bit external data bus width. It is used in commercial applications for driving high-resolution displays efficiently. The package style includes flatpack and heat sink/slug options, making it versatile for various design requirements.
PCF2114JU
PCF2114JU by NXP Semiconductors is a CMOS display controller designed for industrial applications, operating b/w -40 °C to 85 °C. It features an 8-bit external data bus and supports a 32x60 dot matrix display. This surface mount chip is ideal for driving LCDs in various devices.
5962-9675801NYX
The Texas Instruments 5962-9675801NYX is a display controller with 1600x1280 pixels, operating at up to 14.31818 MHz clock frequency. It features an address bus width of 4, external data bus width of 8, and supports MILITARY temperature grade applications.
TLC34074-170FNR
TLC34074-170FNR by Texas Instruments is a display controller with 8-bit external data bus width, 170 MHz clock frequency, and CMOS technology. It is used in applications requiring palette DAC functionality and operates within a temperature range of 0 to 70°C.
Partstack™ will investigate all reported instances of potential suspect/counterfeit part listings.
ADPA7005AEHZ
ADPA7005AEHZ by Analog Devices is a wide band medium power RF amplifier with 12 dB gain. It operates b/w 18-44 GHz, handling up to 27 dBm CW input power. Ideal for applications requiring high frequency amplification in temperatures ranging from -40 to 85°C.
AD3542RBCPZ16
AD3542RBCPZ16 by Analog Devices is a 16-bit D/A converter with max analog output voltage of 7.5V and linearity error of 0.006103%. It features a nominal settling time of 0.1us, making it ideal for applications requiring precise analog signal generation in temperature-sensitive environments. With a compact square package shape and surface mount capability, this chip carrier is suitable for space-constrained designs where high performance is essential.
ADPA7005CHIP
ADPA7005CHIP by Analog Devices is a wide band medium power RF amplifier with 11.5 dB gain, operating from 20-44 GHz. It can handle up to 27 dBm CW input power and operates in temperatures ranging from -55 °C to 85°C. Ideal for applications requiring high frequency amplification in RF & microwave systems.
ADAQ23876BBCZ
Analog Devices' ADAQ23876BBCZ is a 16-bit ADC with 0.00125% EL, 15 MHz sample rate, and 2'S COMPLEMENT BINARY output. Ideal for wireless data acquisition applications due to its compact GRID ARRAY package and fast 0.063 us conversion time. Operating from -40 to 85 °C, it offers precise analog-to-digital conversion in a small form factor.
ADPA7005AEHZ-R7
ADPA7005AEHZ-R7 by Analog Devices is a wide band medium power RF amplifier with 12 dB gain, operating from 18-44 GHz. It can handle up to 27 dBm CW input power and operates in temperatures ranging from -40 °C to 85°C. Ideal for applications requiring high frequency amplification in RF & microwave systems.
AD3542RBCPZ16-RL7
AD3542RBCPZ16-RL7 by Analog Devices is a 16-bit D/A converter with max analog output voltage of 7.5V, 0.006103% linearity error, and 0.1us settling time. Ideal for applications requiring precise analog signal generation in temperature-sensitive environments.
ADMV8420ACPZ-R5
ADMV8420ACPZ-R5 by Analog Devices is a 24-terminal BAND PASS FILTER with a Center Frequency of 15500 MHz and Input Impedance of 50 OHM. It operates b/w -40 to 85 °C and is ideal for applications requiring precise frequency filtering in electronic circuits.
ADN4693E-1BCPZ-RL7
ADN4693E-1BCPZ-RL7 by Analog Devices is a Line Driver & Receiver with 16 terminals, operating at 3.3V. It offers a max transmit delay of 2.4ns and max supply current of 24mA. Ideal for applications requiring differential output and EIA/TIA interface standards compliance in tight spaces due to its very thin profile chip carrier package style.
ADMV8420ACPZ
Analog Devices' ADMV8420ACPZ is a 24-terminal BAND PASS FILTER with a Center Frequency of 15500 MHz and Input Impedance of 50Ω. Operating b/w -40°C to 85°C, it's ideal for applications requiring precise filtering in electronic systems.
ADN4693E-1BCPZ
ADN4693E-1BCPZ by Analog Devices is a Line Driver & Receiver with 16 terminals, operating at 3.3V nominal voltage. It features a max transmit delay of 2.4ns and differential output for EIA/TIA-899 interface standard applications in industrial settings.
ADV7151LS170
DISPLAY CONTROLLER, PALETTE DAC; Temperature Grade: COMMERCIAL; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 100; Package Code: QFP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
ADV7148KP66
DISPLAY CONTROLLER, PALETTE DAC; Temperature Grade: COMMERCIAL; Terminal Form: J BEND; No. of Terminals: 44; Package Code: QCCJ; Package Shape: SQUARE;
ADV7141KP66
ADV7151LS110
ADV7150LS135
DISPLAY CONTROLLER, PALETTE DAC; Temperature Grade: COMMERCIAL; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 160; Package Code: QFP; Package Shape: SQUARE;
ADV7148KP35
ADV7151LS220
ADV7129KSZ
DISPLAY CONTROLLER, PALETTE DAC; Temperature Grade: COMMERCIAL; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 304; Package Code: FQFP; Package Shape: SQUARE;
ADV7150LS110
ADV7146KN35
DISPLAY CONTROLLER, PALETTE DAC; Temperature Grade: COMMERCIAL; Terminal Form: THROUGH-HOLE; No. of Terminals: 28; Package Code: DIP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
ADV7150LS85
ADV7150LS170
ADV7146KN66
ADV7151LS135
ADV7141KP50
ADV7148KP50
ADV7129KS
ADV7141KP35
ADV7146KN50
ADV7150LS220
Supply Digital Components
$106.00
$54.25
$11.90
$7.29
Quantity
12,000 In-Stock
Total price ≈ $80,197.29
© 2023 All rights reserved