Active filters amplify desired signals while rejecting unwanted frequencies, and can be tailored to meet application-specific requirements in electronics.
Amplifiers boost signal strength, match impedance levels, and are essential in many circuit systems, including audio, broadcasting, and telecommunications.
Batteries store and provide electrical energy, come in various types and sizes for multiple uses, rechargeable or single-use.
Capacitors store electrical charge with metallic plates and a dielectric; types vary and can be combined for specific circuit characteristics.
Chip carriers and sockets provide an interface between components and PCBs, enabling easy replacement or upgrading without soldering.
Circuit protection devices prevent damage from overcurrent flow, including fuses, breakers, surge protectors, and voltage regulators.
Connector accessories and support devices aid connector function and longevity, including backshells, grips, clamps, and ties; must be compatible with connector type.
Connectors join electronic circuits to transfer signals and power, come in various sizes and shapes, and include support accessories.
Converters transform DC input to another voltage level, essential in electronic systems, renewable energy, and automotive electronics.
Crystals and resonators generate and stabilize frequency signals via piezoelectricity. They are used in timing, frequency control, and filters. Crystals are quartz and resonators are ceramic with a built-in capacitor.
Semiconductor diodes control current flow in one direction (uni-directionality) via low resistance. Useful for rectification, voltage regulation, detection, and digital logic.
Discover essential electronic components for your devices, including CPU accelerators, system cache controllers, computer processors, motherboards, and graphics computing systems. Enhance device performance and connectivity with reliable components engineered for seamless integration and optimal functionality.
Fiber optics use light pulses to transmit data over long distances. They have superior bandwidth capacity, low signal attenuation, and secure physical properties. They are essential in telecommunications networks today.
Filters enhance signal processing by selectively passing desired frequencies while suppressing unwanted ones. Filters can be passive (using capacitors, resistors, and inductors) or active (using transistors or amplifiers).
Flash devices are non-volatile storage solutions that offer fast read and write speeds, making them ideal for applications requiring high-speed data transfer. These devices utilize flash memory technology, providing reliable storage for data-intensive tasks such as gaming, multimedia, and enterprise-level applications.
General purpose ICs consist of multiple individual circuits or components (e.g., logic gates, amplifiers, oscillators, etc.) that are combined onto a single integrated circuit chip for a smaller physical footprint.
I/O and storage controllers are crucial components in computer systems, managing input/output operations and storage devices. These controllers facilitate efficient data transfer between peripherals, storage drives, and the central processing unit (CPU), enhancing system performance and enabling seamless connectivity.
Inductors store energy in magnetic fields, oppose sudden changes in current flow and prevent electrical surges. Common inductor applications include power supplies, signal filters, and oscillators.
Interface ICs allow efficient device connectivity with high-speed data transfer and low power consumption.They can be ASIC or FPGA types, and may perform additional functions such as sensing, storage, and conversion.
Logic ICs can be used for storage, memory, amplification, and multiplexing. They perform fundamental logical operations on digital input signals (1, 0, H, L) to generate a corresponding digital output signal.
Memory modules are essential components in electronic devices, storing data temporarily or permanently for processing and retrieval. From volatile RAM (Random Access Memory) to non-volatile ROM (Read-Only Memory), memory technologies vary in speed, capacity, and functionality, catering to diverse application requirements.
Memory ICs store digital data and retain the information even when the power is turned off. They come in various types, like RAM (Random Access Memory) for fast data access, and ROM (Read-Only Memory) for permanent data storage.
Miscellaneous semiconductor components are a diverse category of electronic components that combines elements from a mix of component devices.
Optoelectronic devices interact with light. This family of devices can emit light, detect light, generate current, and transmit light signals for long-distance communication.
Oscillators generate repetitive waveforms, such as sine, square, or triangle waves. They are commonly used to produce stable and precise frequencies for applications like clocks, signal generation, and communication systems.
Other Function Semiconductor components are a diverse category of semiconductor components that perform a range of specialized functions.
Passive component networks operate without a power source and support data transmission within system by performing filtering, energy storage, and/or signal coupling functions.
Peripheral ICs (Integrated Circuits) are designed to control and manage the peripheral devices connected to a computer or other electronic device.
Programmable Logic ICs are user-programmable devices that allow designers to create custom logic circuits. These cost saving ICs offer real-time data processing and maximum design flexibilty.
RF (Radio Frequency) and microwave devices are used in telecommunications, wireless communications, and electronic systems. These devices include amplifiers, attenuators, filters, mixers, oscillators, and antennas, and a host of other components.
Voltage regulators are used to ensure a constant output voltage despite power fluctuations and load changes. Linear and switching regulators are common types used to maintain voltage stability.
Relays are electromagnetic switches that are used to control the flow of electrical current in an electrical circuit. Relays are a safe means of providing isolation between a controlling circuit and a controlled circuit.
Resistors control the flow of electrical current in a circuit by introducing a set resistance. These passive components reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, and bias active elements in circuits.
Transducers convert energy from one form to another and are crucial in sensing, audio and control systems. They transform physical measures like temperature, pressure, or sound into electrical signals for circuits.
Storage drives are hardware devices used to store and retrieve digital data in computers and electronic devices. These drives come in various forms, including hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), and hybrid drives, offering different levels of capacity, speed, and durability to suit specific storage needs.
Storage media encompass physical or digital mediums used for storing and preserving digital data. From optical discs and magnetic tapes to USB flash drives and memory cards, storage media come in diverse formats and capacities, offering flexibility and reliability for data storage and archival purposes.
Storage systems comprise hardware and software components designed to manage and store digital data efficiently. These systems range from simple standalone devices to complex network-attached storage (NAS) and storage area network (SAN) solutions, providing scalable storage capacity and data protection features for businesses and enterprises.
Switches control electrical current flow by making or breaking connections. These devices vary in design and application, from basic on/off switches to complex industrial automation systems.
Telecom integrated circuits (ICs) are specialized electronics for telecommunications, tailored to high data rates, low power use, and reliable long-distance transmission. These devices include amplifiers, filters, ADCs, DACs, and more-- and they are often integrated on one chip for specific telecom tasks.
Terminal blocks, or connection terminals, are modular blocks that bring together multiple electrical wires at one connection point. They offer a reliable, organized way to terminate cables.
Thermal management devices control heat in electronic systems, preventing overheating and ensuring optimal performance and reliability. Examples include heat sinks, fans, and thermal interface materials that dissipate or transfer heat away from components.
Transformers are devices that alter electrical voltage levels between circuits through electromagnetic induction. They are vital in power distribution, converting high-voltage electricity for transmission and lower voltage for safe usage.
Transistors are 3-layer semiconductor devices that regulate the flow of electrical current. They function as amplifiers, boosting weak signals, and as switches, controlling the flow of current between terminals.
Triggering devices initiate electronic processes or events in response to specific conditions. These devices support many automated tasks such as activating switches and signals, or turning on lights when motion is detected.
Video cards, also known as graphics cards or GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), are essential components in computers, responsible for rendering graphics and images on display devices. These cards feature dedicated processors and memory, delivering smooth and immersive visual experiences for gaming, multimedia, and professional applications.
Choose from over than a million of proven quality materials. Over 300 manufacturers are presented. From renowned major international players to small independent companies with a proven track record in local markets.
Featured manufacturers
SWITCHING REGULATOR; Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL): 2;
Median Price
$2.766
Lifecycle Status
Suppliers In-Stock
14
In-Stock Inventory
1k+
Farnell
1+ parts
$2.410
100+ parts
$1.580
1k+ parts
$1.340
10k+ parts
-
Chip1Stop
$2.860
$1.940
Newark
$3.040
$1.860
$1.730
Element14
$279.330
$205.280
$147.380
Arrow
$1.498
RS (Exports)
$2.673
$2.463
DigiKey
$6.670
Verical
$2.130
$2.001
Nova Conductors
$2.190
Digiode
$2.290
Flip Electronics
$4.025
Cyclops Electronics Ltd
Vyrian
ComSIT Distribution GmbH
Ampacity Inc.
$1.270
Modulus Dynamics
$1.699
$1.631
$1.563
Corphita
$2.169
Argo Parts USA
Netroflash
$2.081
$2.037
Corohmni
$3.046
Microchip USA
$14.219
Futuretech Components
Continental Prestige Electronics
$2.090
$1.400
Lixinc
Authorized Procurement Solutions
Switching Regulators & Controllers TDA21520AUMA1 attributes and parameters. Explore more Switching Regulators & Controllers devices from Infineon Technologies
Other IC type:
Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL):
TDA21520AUMA1 Other Function Semiconductors trade compliance attributes, and parameters.
ECCN
EAR99
ECCN Governance
EAR
HTS
8542.39.00.01
SB
8542.39.00.00
Infineon Technologies AG is a leading global semiconductor manufacturer and provider of comprehensive solutions for automotive, industrial, and consumer applications. Founded in 1999, the company has grown to become one of the largest semiconductor manufacturers in Europe. Infineon is headquartered in Neubiberg, Germany with operations across countries in Europe and Asia Pacific. Infineon provides microelectronics products that address many of today's societal challenges affecting energy efficiency, mobility, security and connectivity. Over the past two decades Infineon has become a major player in the semiconductor industry with an impressive portfolio of innovative technologies. As one of only four companies that produce DRAM chips for automobiles, Infineon produces cutting-edge processors for use in advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). Likewise, they specialize in providing advanced embedded secure microcontrollers that are essential for connected devices. Furthermore, they offer integrated circuit solutions for industrial power control such as motor controllers and embedded gate drivers.
CEO
Jochen Hanebeck
Chief Financial Officer
Sven Schneider
Chief Marketing Officer
Andreas Urschitz
Villach 300mm
Fabrication
Fab Initiation
2011
Austria
Villach
Wafer Capacity
11,000
Kulim 2
2016
Malaysia
Kulim
79,500
Dresden - Module 3
1999
Germany
Dresden
58,000
Villach Building
2,000
Regensburg
1986
60,000
Dresden 200 - Module 1
1995
28,000
Dresden 200 - Module 2
1996
Building 38
2005
500
Building 47
Kulim 1
2006
110,000
Mesa Facility
1990
USA
Mesa
3,000
Villach 150mm
1981
35,000
Villach 200mm
68,000
Temecula
30,000
2021
2018
5,000
Kulim 3
2024
Fab 25
Austin
31,000
Dresden - Module 4
2026
BSS84PH6327XTSA2
Infineon Technologies
BSS84PH6327XTSA2 by Infineon is a P-CHANNEL FET with 60V DS breakdown voltage, ideal for switching applications. It features a single configuration with built-in diode and operates in enhancement mode. With a max drain current of 0.17A and on-resistance of 8 ohm, it offers reliable performance in small outline packages.
LM2675M-ADJ/NOPB
National Semiconductor
SWITCHING REGULATOR; Temperature Grade: AUTOMOTIVE; No. of Terminals: 8; Package Code: SOP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: YES;
ULN2803A
Onsemi
NPN; Configuration: 8 BANKS, DARLINGTON WITH BUILT-IN DIODE AND RESISTOR; Surface Mount: NO; Maximum Collector Current (IC): .5 A; Package Body Material: PLASTIC/EPOXY; Qualification: Not Qualified;
1N4148WT
Diotec Semiconductor Ag
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: DUAL; Terminal Form: FLAT; No. of Terminals: 2; Surface Mount: YES; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
1N4148
Itt Semiconductor
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: AXIAL; Terminal Form: WIRE; No. of Terminals: 2; Surface Mount: NO; Package Shape: ROUND;
2N7002
Silicon Standard
N-CHANNEL; Configuration: SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE; Surface Mount: NO; Maximum Power Dissipation (Abs): .225 W; Maximum Drain-Source On Resistance: 7.5 ohm; Transistor Element Material: SILICON;
ULN2803ADWRG4
Texas Instruments
ULN2803ADWRG4 by Texas Instruments is a peripheral driver with 8 functions, open-collector output, and built-in transient protection. It operates b/w -40 to 85 °C with a max supply voltage of 3 V. Ideal for applications requiring sink current flow direction in a small outline package style.
NUP2105LT1G
NUP2105LT1G by Onsemi is a Transient Suppression Device with 350W power dissipation, 29.1V breakdown voltage, and 44V clamping voltage. Commonly used in electronic circuits for surge protection due to its bidirectional polarity and silicon diode element material.
2N2222A
SPC TECHNOLOGY/ MULTICOMP
NPN; Configuration: SINGLE; Surface Mount: NO; Nominal Transition Frequency (fT): 300 MHz; Maximum Power Dissipation (Abs): .5 W; Maximum Collector Current (IC): .8 A;
SMBJ18CA
Vishay Intertechnology
Vishay Intertechnology's SMBJ18CA is a bidirectional TRANS VOLTAGE SUPPRESSOR DIODE with a max clamping voltage of 29.2 V and a breakdown voltage of 21.05 V. It is surface mountable and commonly used in transient suppression applications.
1N4148WS
Yangzhou Yangjie Electronics
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: DUAL; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 2; Surface Mount: YES; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
Rochester Electronics
SS14
Sangdest Microelectronics (Nanjing)
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: DUAL; Terminal Form: C BEND; No. of Terminals: 2; Surface Mount: YES; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
BSS138
N-CHANNEL; Configuration: SINGLE WITH BUILT-IN DIODE; Surface Mount: YES; Maximum Power Dissipation (Abs): .36 W; Maximum Feedback Capacitance (Crss): 10 pF; JEDEC-95 Code: TO-236AB;
BAV99
Diodes Incorporated
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: DUAL; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 3; Surface Mount: YES; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
Concord Semiconductor
TRANS VOLTAGE SUPPRESSOR DIODE; Surface Mount: YES; Maximum Repetitive Peak Reverse Voltage: 18 V; Nominal Breakdown Voltage: 21.05 V; Polarity: BIDIRECTIONAL; Maximum Clamping Voltage: 29.2 V;
CRCW04020000Z0ED
Vishay Intertechnology's CRCW04020000Z0ED is a 0 ohm jumper resistor with METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM tech. Operating b/w -55 to 155 °C, it suits SMT applications in automotive electronics due to AEC-Q200 compliance and 0.063 W power dissipation.
Changzhou Starsea Electronics
USB3320C-EZK-TR
Microchip Technology
Microchip Technology's USB3320C-EZK-TR is a Bus Controller IC with 32 terminals, operating at 1.6-2V. It supports USB bus compatibility, clock frequency up to 60MHz, and CMOS technology. Ideal for applications requiring Universal Serial Bus peripherals in compact designs with low power consumption.
Vishay Semiconductors
LM2576HVT-ADJ
LM2576HVT-ADJ by Texas Instruments is a switching regulator with max output voltage of 37V and max output current of 7.5A. It operates b/w -40 to 125°C, making it suitable for automotive applications. With pulse width modulation control technique and buck switcher config, it's ideal for regulating voltages in various electronic systems.
LM5117PMHX/NOPB
Switching Regulator or Controllers; No. of Terminals: 20; Package Code: TSSOP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: YES; Qualification: Not Qualified;
LM2594MX-5.0/NOPB
LM2594MX-5.0/NOPB by Texas Instruments is a voltage-mode switching regulator with 8 terminals, operating b/w -40 to 125°C. It offers a max output current of 0.5 A, nominal output voltage of 5 V, and supports pulse width modulation control technique. Ideal for automotive applications due to its compact size and buck switcher configuration.
LMZ31710RVQR
LMZ31710RVQR by Texas Instruments is a current-mode switching regulator with max output voltage of 5.5V and max output current of 10A. Ideal for industrial applications, it operates b/w -40 to 85°C, making it suitable for various electronic devices requiring efficient power management in compact spaces.
LM2594HVMX-5.0/NOPB
SWITCHING REGULATOR; No. of Terminals: 8; Package Code: SOP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: YES; Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s): 40;
LM5164QDDARQ1
LM5164QDDARQ1 by Texas Instruments is a switching regulator with 1A output current, 90V max output voltage, and 1000kHz max switching frequency. Ideal for automotive applications due to its -40 to 150°C operating temperature range and small outline package style.
LM3478MM
LM3478MM by Texas Instruments is a switching controller with current-mode control technique. It operates b/w -40 to 125°C, suitable for automotive applications. With a max output voltage of 500V and output current of 1A, it uses pulse width modulation at a frequency of up to 1000 kHz for buck-boost configurations.
LTC3646IDE#PBF
Analog Devices
LTC3646IDE#PBF by Analog Devices is a current-mode switching regulator with a buck configuration. It operates b/w -40 to 125 °C and supports input voltages from 4V to 40V, providing a stable output of 5V. This small outline IC is ideal for automotive applications due to its high temperature grade and compact design.
TL494IN
SWITCHING CONTROLLER; Temperature Grade: INDUSTRIAL; No. of Terminals: 16; Package Code: DIP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: NO;
TPS560430XFDBVT
TPS560430XFDBVT by Texas Instruments is a switching regulator with 6 terminals, operating b/w -40 to 125°C. It offers a max output voltage of 24V and current of 0.6A, suitable for automotive applications due to its compact size (2.9mm x 1.6mm) and pulse width modulation control technique at a high switching frequency of 2100kHz.
LMZ14203HTZE/NOPB
Switching Regulator or Controllers; No. of Terminals: 7; Surface Mount: YES; Terminal Position: SINGLE; JESD-609 Code: e3; Terminal Finish: MATTE TIN;
LM5116MHX/NOPB
LM5116MHX/NOPB by Texas Instruments is a switching controller with 20 terminals, operating at -40 to 150°C. It supports a max output current of 20A and has a control mode of current-mode PWM. Ideal for automotive applications due to its compact size, high efficiency, and wide input voltage range from 6V to 100V.
LM2574HVMX-5.0/NOPB
SWITCHING REGULATOR; Temperature Grade: AUTOMOTIVE; No. of Terminals: 14; Package Code: SOP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: YES;
LT8609SEV#PBF
Linear Technology
SWITCHING REGULATOR; Temperature Grade: AUTOMOTIVE; No. of Terminals: 16; Package Code: HQCCN; Package Shape: SQUARE; Surface Mount: YES;
SG3525AN
Linfinity Microelectronics
SWITCHING CONTROLLER; Temperature Grade: COMMERCIAL; No. of Terminals: 16; Package Code: DIP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: NO;
LTM4644EY#PBF
SWITCHING REGULATOR; Temperature Grade: AUTOMOTIVE; No. of Terminals: 77; Package Code: BGA; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: YES;
LM2678SX-ADJ/NOPB
LM2678SX-ADJ/NOPB by Texas Instruments is a switching regulator with 7 terminals, operating temperature range of -40 to 125°C, and output voltage ranging from 1.23V to 37V. It is used in automotive applications for regulating voltage efficiently up to 5A with a max input voltage of 40V and PWM control technique at a frequency of up to 260kHz.
LMZ14203HTZ/NOPB
Switching Regulator or Controllers; No. of Terminals: 7; Surface Mount: YES; Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL): 3; Terminal Finish: MATTE TIN; Maximum Switching Frequency: 1000 kHz;
TPS54140DGQR
TPS54140DGQR by Texas Instruments is a switching regulator with a max output current of 1.5A and max operating temp of 150°C. Ideal for automotive applications, it operates in buck configuration with PWM control mode and supports input voltages from 3.5V to 42V.
LM2576HVS-5.0/NOPB
LM2576HVS-5.0/NOPB by Texas Instruments is a voltage-mode switching regulator with a max output current of 7.5A and a nominal output voltage of 5V, suitable for automotive applications. It operates in a buck configuration with a control technique of pulse width modulation, offering high efficiency and reliability in a small outline package style.
Partstack™ will investigate all reported instances of potential suspect/counterfeit part listings.
TDA21240AUMA1
TDA21240AUMA1 by Infineon Technologies is a 30-terminal switching regulator with a max output current of 40 A and a max switching frequency of 1000 kHz. This MICROELECTRONIC ASSEMBLY is designed for automotive applications, featuring PULSE WIDTH MODULATION control technique and BUCK switcher configuration. Operating temperature ranges from -40 to 125 °C.
TDA21490AUMA1
TDA21490AUMA1 by Infineon is a 41-terminal switching regulator with a max output voltage of 5.5V and current of 90A. Ideal for automotive applications, it operates b/w -40 to 125°C, using pulse width modulation control at a frequency of up to 1500 kHz.
TDA21242AUMA1
TDA21242AUMA1 by Infineon is a 30-terminal switching regulator with a max output current of 40 A and a max switching frequency of 1000 kHz. It operates in automotive-grade temperatures from -40 to 125°C, making it suitable for high-power applications requiring efficient pulse width modulation control.
TDA21472AUMA1
TDA21472AUMA1 by Infineon is a switching regulator with 39 terminals, operating from -40 to 125°C. It uses pulse width modulation control technique, supports buck configuration, and has a max switching frequency of 1500 kHz. Ideal for automotive applications due to its MSL level of 2 and input voltage range of 4.25-16V.
TDA21231
SWITCHING REGULATOR; Temperature Grade: AUTOMOTIVE; No. of Terminals: 31; Package Code: QMA; Package Shape: SQUARE; Surface Mount: YES;
TDA21240
SWITCHING REGULATOR; Temperature Grade: AUTOMOTIVE; No. of Terminals: 30; Package Shape: SQUARE; Surface Mount: YES; Package Body Material: UNSPECIFIED;
TDA21241
SWITCHING REGULATOR; Temperature Grade: AUTOMOTIVE; No. of Terminals: 30; Package Shape: SQUARE; Surface Mount: YES; Minimum Input Voltage: 4.5 V;
TDA21241AUMA1
SWITCHING REGULATOR; Temperature Grade: AUTOMOTIVE; No. of Terminals: 30; Package Shape: SQUARE; Surface Mount: YES; Length: 4 mm;
TDA21242
SWITCHING REGULATOR; Temperature Grade: AUTOMOTIVE; No. of Terminals: 30; Package Shape: SQUARE; Surface Mount: YES; Package Style (Meter): MICROELECTRONIC ASSEMBLY;
TDA21301
SWITCHING CONTROLLER; Temperature Grade: COMMERCIAL; No. of Terminals: 28; Package Code: TSSOP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: YES;
TDA21302
SWITCHING CONTROLLER; Temperature Grade: COMMERCIAL; No. of Terminals: 32; Package Code: SOP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: YES;
TDA21462
SWITCHING REGULATOR; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: YES; Control Technique: PULSE WIDTH MODULATION; JESD-30 Code: R-PQCC-N; No. of Functions: 1;
TDA21472
SWITCHING REGULATOR; No. of Terminals: 41; Package Code: VQCCN; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: YES; Package Body Material: PLASTIC/EPOXY;
TDA21490
SWITCHING REGULATOR; Temperature Grade: AUTOMOTIVE; No. of Terminals: 41; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: YES; Maximum Output Voltage: 5.5 V;
TDA21570
SWITCHING REGULATOR; No. of Terminals: 42; Package Code: HQCCN; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: YES; Maximum Input Voltage: 16 V;
TDA21570AUMA1
SWITCHING REGULATOR; No. of Terminals: 42; Package Code: HQCCN; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: YES; Package Body Material: UNSPECIFIED;
TDA21590
SWITCHING REGULATOR; No. of Terminals: 43; Package Code: VQCCN; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: YES; Terminal Pitch: .45 mm;
Supply Digital Components
$106.00
$54.25
$11.90
$7.29
Quantity
12,000 In-Stock
Total price ≈ $80,197.29
© 2023 All rights reserved