Active filters amplify desired signals while rejecting unwanted frequencies, and can be tailored to meet application-specific requirements in electronics.
Amplifiers boost signal strength, match impedance levels, and are essential in many circuit systems, including audio, broadcasting, and telecommunications.
Batteries store and provide electrical energy, come in various types and sizes for multiple uses, rechargeable or single-use.
Capacitors store electrical charge with metallic plates and a dielectric; types vary and can be combined for specific circuit characteristics.
Chip carriers and sockets provide an interface between components and PCBs, enabling easy replacement or upgrading without soldering.
Circuit protection devices prevent damage from overcurrent flow, including fuses, breakers, surge protectors, and voltage regulators.
Connector accessories and support devices aid connector function and longevity, including backshells, grips, clamps, and ties; must be compatible with connector type.
Connectors join electronic circuits to transfer signals and power, come in various sizes and shapes, and include support accessories.
Converters transform DC input to another voltage level, essential in electronic systems, renewable energy, and automotive electronics.
Crystals and resonators generate and stabilize frequency signals via piezoelectricity. They are used in timing, frequency control, and filters. Crystals are quartz and resonators are ceramic with a built-in capacitor.
Semiconductor diodes control current flow in one direction (uni-directionality) via low resistance. Useful for rectification, voltage regulation, detection, and digital logic.
Discover essential electronic components for your devices, including CPU accelerators, system cache controllers, computer processors, motherboards, and graphics computing systems. Enhance device performance and connectivity with reliable components engineered for seamless integration and optimal functionality.
Fiber optics use light pulses to transmit data over long distances. They have superior bandwidth capacity, low signal attenuation, and secure physical properties. They are essential in telecommunications networks today.
Filters enhance signal processing by selectively passing desired frequencies while suppressing unwanted ones. Filters can be passive (using capacitors, resistors, and inductors) or active (using transistors or amplifiers).
Flash devices are non-volatile storage solutions that offer fast read and write speeds, making them ideal for applications requiring high-speed data transfer. These devices utilize flash memory technology, providing reliable storage for data-intensive tasks such as gaming, multimedia, and enterprise-level applications.
General purpose ICs consist of multiple individual circuits or components (e.g., logic gates, amplifiers, oscillators, etc.) that are combined onto a single integrated circuit chip for a smaller physical footprint.
I/O and storage controllers are crucial components in computer systems, managing input/output operations and storage devices. These controllers facilitate efficient data transfer between peripherals, storage drives, and the central processing unit (CPU), enhancing system performance and enabling seamless connectivity.
Inductors store energy in magnetic fields, oppose sudden changes in current flow and prevent electrical surges. Common inductor applications include power supplies, signal filters, and oscillators.
Interface ICs allow efficient device connectivity with high-speed data transfer and low power consumption.They can be ASIC or FPGA types, and may perform additional functions such as sensing, storage, and conversion.
Logic ICs can be used for storage, memory, amplification, and multiplexing. They perform fundamental logical operations on digital input signals (1, 0, H, L) to generate a corresponding digital output signal.
Memory modules are essential components in electronic devices, storing data temporarily or permanently for processing and retrieval. From volatile RAM (Random Access Memory) to non-volatile ROM (Read-Only Memory), memory technologies vary in speed, capacity, and functionality, catering to diverse application requirements.
Memory ICs store digital data and retain the information even when the power is turned off. They come in various types, like RAM (Random Access Memory) for fast data access, and ROM (Read-Only Memory) for permanent data storage.
Miscellaneous semiconductor components are a diverse category of electronic components that combines elements from a mix of component devices.
Optoelectronic devices interact with light. This family of devices can emit light, detect light, generate current, and transmit light signals for long-distance communication.
Oscillators generate repetitive waveforms, such as sine, square, or triangle waves. They are commonly used to produce stable and precise frequencies for applications like clocks, signal generation, and communication systems.
Other Function Semiconductor components are a diverse category of semiconductor components that perform a range of specialized functions.
Passive component networks operate without a power source and support data transmission within system by performing filtering, energy storage, and/or signal coupling functions.
Peripheral ICs (Integrated Circuits) are designed to control and manage the peripheral devices connected to a computer or other electronic device.
Programmable Logic ICs are user-programmable devices that allow designers to create custom logic circuits. These cost saving ICs offer real-time data processing and maximum design flexibilty.
RF (Radio Frequency) and microwave devices are used in telecommunications, wireless communications, and electronic systems. These devices include amplifiers, attenuators, filters, mixers, oscillators, and antennas, and a host of other components.
Voltage regulators are used to ensure a constant output voltage despite power fluctuations and load changes. Linear and switching regulators are common types used to maintain voltage stability.
Relays are electromagnetic switches that are used to control the flow of electrical current in an electrical circuit. Relays are a safe means of providing isolation between a controlling circuit and a controlled circuit.
Resistors control the flow of electrical current in a circuit by introducing a set resistance. These passive components reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, and bias active elements in circuits.
Transducers convert energy from one form to another and are crucial in sensing, audio and control systems. They transform physical measures like temperature, pressure, or sound into electrical signals for circuits.
Storage drives are hardware devices used to store and retrieve digital data in computers and electronic devices. These drives come in various forms, including hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), and hybrid drives, offering different levels of capacity, speed, and durability to suit specific storage needs.
Storage media encompass physical or digital mediums used for storing and preserving digital data. From optical discs and magnetic tapes to USB flash drives and memory cards, storage media come in diverse formats and capacities, offering flexibility and reliability for data storage and archival purposes.
Storage systems comprise hardware and software components designed to manage and store digital data efficiently. These systems range from simple standalone devices to complex network-attached storage (NAS) and storage area network (SAN) solutions, providing scalable storage capacity and data protection features for businesses and enterprises.
Switches control electrical current flow by making or breaking connections. These devices vary in design and application, from basic on/off switches to complex industrial automation systems.
Telecom integrated circuits (ICs) are specialized electronics for telecommunications, tailored to high data rates, low power use, and reliable long-distance transmission. These devices include amplifiers, filters, ADCs, DACs, and more-- and they are often integrated on one chip for specific telecom tasks.
Terminal blocks, or connection terminals, are modular blocks that bring together multiple electrical wires at one connection point. They offer a reliable, organized way to terminate cables.
Thermal management devices control heat in electronic systems, preventing overheating and ensuring optimal performance and reliability. Examples include heat sinks, fans, and thermal interface materials that dissipate or transfer heat away from components.
Transformers are devices that alter electrical voltage levels between circuits through electromagnetic induction. They are vital in power distribution, converting high-voltage electricity for transmission and lower voltage for safe usage.
Transistors are 3-layer semiconductor devices that regulate the flow of electrical current. They function as amplifiers, boosting weak signals, and as switches, controlling the flow of current between terminals.
Triggering devices initiate electronic processes or events in response to specific conditions. These devices support many automated tasks such as activating switches and signals, or turning on lights when motion is detected.
Video cards, also known as graphics cards or GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), are essential components in computers, responsible for rendering graphics and images on display devices. These cards feature dedicated processors and memory, delivering smooth and immersive visual experiences for gaming, multimedia, and professional applications.
Choose from over than a million of proven quality materials. Over 300 manufacturers are presented. From renowned major international players to small independent companies with a proven track record in local markets.
Featured manufacturers
4412FML by Ebm-papst Mulfingen & Kg is an industrial DC FAN with 67.1 CFM airflow and 32 dB noise level. With a rated voltage of 12V, it operates at speeds up to 1950 rpm. Ideal for applications requiring efficient cooling in tight spaces with its compact dimensions (119x25 mm).
Median Price
$34.575
Lifecycle Status
Suppliers In-Stock
16
In-Stock Inventory
1k+
RS (Exports)
1+ parts
$22.600
100+ parts
-
1k+ parts
10k+ parts
Verical
$29.950
$27.690
$22.640
RS Americas
$39.100
$31.280
$29.320
Mouser Electronics
$46.060
$33.910
$32.940
DigiKey
$50.340
$33.917
$32.950
PEI Genesis
Chip1Stop
$29.700
$24.700
Master Electronics
$35.970
Farnell
$33.180
Nova Conductors
$26.950
Vyrian
VNN
Rapid Electronics
IBS Electronics
$26.625
$22.188
TME
$31.090
$25.920
ComSIT Distribution GmbH
Andel Nordic
$6.288
$6.037
Semicontronic
$23.430
$22.844
$22.727
Advanced Electronics
$35.856
$32.987
$30.910
Neutron USA
$115.420
Aztec Data Supply Inc.
Continental Prestige Electronics
Argo Parts USA
Authorized Procurement Solutions
Corohmni
Assy Fe
Netroflash
$26.411
$25.603
$25.064
Provides effective ventilation for industrial spaces, ensuring proper air circulation.
Operates quietly, making it suitable for environments where noise levels need to be minimized.
Utilizes DC technology to efficiently cool down industrial equipment and machinery.
Functions reliably in cold environments, ideal for various industrial settings.
Offers a long lifespan, ensuring durability and reliability for continuous use.
Compact size allows for easy installation in tight spaces or crowded industrial setups.
Slim design makes it versatile for various applications and configurations.
Delivers a high rotation speed to effectively move air and maintain optimal temperature levels.
Constructed with axial blades for efficient airflow and heat dissipation.
Features high-quality bearings for smooth and reliable operation, reducing maintenance needs.
Lightweight design simplifies installation and handling, suitable for various mounting options.
Runs on a standard voltage, making it compatible with most industrial power systems.
Provides a balanced size to meet the needs of different industrial cooling setups.
Consumes low power while maintaining high performance, leading to energy savings.
Functions efficiently even in high-temperature environments, ensuring consistent performance.
Industrial Fans & Blowers 4412FML attributes and parameters. Explore more Industrial Fans & Blowers devices from Ebm-papst Mulfingen & Kg
Thermal Device Type:
Rated Voltage:
Airflow Volume:
Rated Power:
Rotational Speed:
Noise Level:
Minimum Operating Temperature:
Maximum Operating Temperature:
Height:
Width:
Length:
Body Weight:
Bearing Style:
Construction:
Lifespan:
Your partner for sustainable, intelligent and innovative air and heating technology. Air is our element We know how to use air efficiently and intelligently. And we make sure you feel good about it! Whether it's air conditioning, data centers, clean rooms, refrigeration, industrial cooling, transport, renewable energy or residential ventilation – you come into contact with our solutions and products every day, at work or at home. If you don't notice, we've done our job well. Our vision: leading air technology into a new era That is why our solutions combine customer value, intelligence and efficiency in new ways – and in the most resource-efficient way possible. Our values are at the heart of all of this They make us unique. Efficiency is evident in our solutions, our communication, agile processes and goal-oriented actions. Enthusiasm and passion unite the ebm‑papst family across all regions and generations. We inspire each other and enjoy working together. This is characterised by empathy, integrity, reliability and respectful interaction. Diversity and inclusion are cornerstones of our colourful culture. For us, this is summed up by the value of humanity. This triad has made us successful and is the foundation for the future.
LM2931AZ-5.0RPG
Onsemi
LM2931AZ-5.0RPG by Onsemi is a Fixed Positive Single Output LDO Regulator with 5V nominal output voltage and 0.1A max output current. It features a low dropout voltage of 0.6V, making it suitable for applications requiring stable power supply in temperature range from -40 to 125°C. The package style is cylindrical with matte tin terminal finish, ideal for various electronic devices needing precise voltage regulation.
LM317T
Texas Instruments
LM317T by Texas Instruments is an adjustable positive single output standard regulator with a max output voltage of 37V and max input-output voltage differential of 40V. Operating temperature ranges from 0 to 125°C, making it suitable for various applications requiring precise voltage regulation in electronic circuits. With a max output current of 1.5A, this through-hole package regulator is ideal for power supply designs where adjustable voltage levels are needed.
LM317LMX/NOPB
LM317LMX/NOPB by Texas Instruments is an adjustable positive single output standard regulator with a max input-output voltage differential of 40V. It operates in temperatures ranging from -40°C to 125°C and has a max output current of 0.1A, making it suitable for various applications requiring precise voltage regulation.
SS14
Leshan Radio
RECTIFIER DIODE; Surface Mount: YES; Config: SINGLE; No. of Phases: 1; No. of Elements: 1; Maximum Forward Voltage (VF): .5 V;
Integrated Power Semiconductors
Other Regulators; No. of Terminals: 3; Operating Temperature (TJ-Min): 0 Cel; Terminal Pitch: 2.54 mm; Maximum Load Regulation (%): 1.5 %; Nominal Dropout Voltage-1: 3 V;
SMBJ18CA
Synsemi
TRANS VOLTAGE SUPPRESSOR DIODE; Terminal Position: DUAL; Terminal Form: C BEND; No. of Terminals: 2; Surface Mount: YES; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
LM555CN
National Semiconductor
PULSE; RECTANGULAR; Temperature Grade: COMMERCIAL; No. of Terminals: 8; Package Code: DIP; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR; Surface Mount: NO;
2N2222A
Baneasa S A
NPN; Configuration: SINGLE; Surface Mount: NO; Nominal Transition Frequency (fT): 250 MHz; Maximum Collector Current (IC): .8 A; Qualification: Not Qualified;
BAV99
Panasonic
MIXER DIODE; Terminal Position: DUAL; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 3; Surface Mount: YES; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
1N4148
Semitron
RECTIFIER DIODE; Surface Mount: NO; JESD-609 Code: e0; Maximum Output Current: .15 A; Maximum Operating Temperature: 200 Cel; Maximum Reverse Recovery Time: .004 us;
L7805CV
Sgs-ates Componenti Electronici S P A
Other Regulators; No. of Terminals: 3; Maximum Input Voltage Absolute: 35 V; Maximum Voltage Tolerance: 5 %; Terminal Finish: Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb); Nominal Output Voltage-1: 5 V;
Tesla Elektronicke Soucastky
NPN; Configuration: SINGLE; Surface Mount: NO; Nominal Transition Frequency (fT): 300 MHz; Maximum Power Dissipation (Abs): .5 W; Maximum Collector Current (IC): .8 A;
Yangzhou Yangjie Electronics
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: AXIAL; Terminal Form: WIRE; No. of Terminals: 2; Surface Mount: NO; Package Shape: ROUND;
Jiangsu Changjiang Electronics Technology
RECTIFIER DIODE; Surface Mount: YES; Maximum Forward Voltage (VF): .715 V; Maximum Operating Temperature: 150 Cel; Maximum Reverse Recovery Time: .006 us; Maximum Output Current: .2 A;
2N7002
Formosa Microsemi
N-CHANNEL; Configuration: SINGLE; Surface Mount: YES; Maximum Power Dissipation (Abs): .225 W; Field Effect Transistor Technology: METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR; Maximum Drain Current (Abs) (ID): .115 A;
BSS138-TP
Micro Commercial Components
BSS138-TP by Micro Commercial Components is a N-channel small signal FET with a min DS breakdown voltage of 50V and max drain current of 0.22A. It is commonly used in applications requiring enhancement mode operation, such as power management and switching circuits.
American Power Devices
Secos
RECTIFIER DIODE; Terminal Position: DUAL; Terminal Form: GULL WING; No. of Terminals: 3; Surface Mount: YES; Package Shape: RECTANGULAR;
Toshiba
FDD5614P
FDD5614P by Onsemi is a P-CHANNEL Power FET with 60V DS Breakdown Voltage, ideal for SWITCHING applications. It features 45A IDM and 0.1 ohm RDS(ON), operating in ENHANCEMENT MODE at up to 175°C. The PLASTIC/EPOXY package with GULL WING terminals ensures efficient heat dissipation and reliable performance.
G1G120-AB67-02
Ebm-papst Mulfingen & Kg
G1G120-AB67-02 by Ebm-papst Mulfingen & Kg is a 24V DC FAN with dimensions of 115x184x178 mm, operating at 2200 rpm. It weighs 1570g and has approvals from CSA and EAC. Ideal for industrial applications due to its centrifugal construction, rated power of 40W, and temperature range of -25 to 60°C.
4600X
4600X by Ebm-papst Mulfingen & Kg is an AC FAN with 106 CFM airflow, 115 V rated voltage, and 18 W power. Ideal for industrial applications due to its TUBEAXIAL construction, CSA/UL approvals, and SINTEC bearing type.
OA109AP-22-1TBR
Knight Electronics
AC FAN;
AFB0724HH-AF00
Delta Electronics
Delta Electronics AFB0724HH-AF00 is an industrial DC FAN with 44.01 CFM airflow, 44 dB noise level, and 4700 rpm speed. Ideal for applications requiring efficient cooling in compact spaces with a voltage rating of 24 V.
9GA1224P4G001
Sanyo Denki America
Sanyo Denki America's 9GA1224P4G001 DC FAN offers 134 CFM airflow, 57 dB noise level, and operates at 24V. Ideal for industrial applications requiring efficient cooling with a lifespan of 40000h. Measuring 120x25.4mm, it provides reliable performance in a compact design.
3412NGV
3412NGV by Ebm-papst Mulfingen & Kg is an industrial DC FAN with airflow of 49.44 CFM, operating at 2700 rpm and producing only 32 dB noise. Ideal for applications requiring efficient cooling in limited space with a rated power of 2.5 W and a long life expectancy of 75000 h.
QG030-353/12
QG030-353/12 by Ebm-papst Mulfingen & Kg is an industrial DC blower with 91 CFM airflow and 51 dB noise level. It operates at 12V, has a life expectancy of 30000h, and measures 47.5mm in height. Ideal for applications requiring efficient cooling in limited spaces.
3414NM
3414NM by Ebm-papst Mulfingen & Kg is an industrial DC FAN with airflow of 42.38 CFM and noise level of 28 dB. With a rated voltage of 24V, it operates at speeds up to 2300 rpm, making it ideal for cooling applications in various industries.
9G0612P4S001
Sanyo Denki America's 9G0612P4S001 DC FAN offers 49.4 CFM airflow, 53 dB noise level, and operates at 11000 rpm speed. Ideal for industrial applications requiring efficient cooling with approvals from CUL, TUV, and UL standards.
UF383-100
Sunon
Sunon UF383-100 is an industrial DC FAN with 13500 rpm speed, 0.16 mmH2O pressure, and 0.3 W power. At 3V rated voltage, it's ideal for cooling applications in tight spaces due to its compact size of 8x8x3mm.
9GAX0412P3S001
Sanyo Denki America's 9GAX0412P3S001 DC FAN offers 31.8 CFM airflow, 64 dB noise level, and operates at 12V voltage. Ideal for industrial applications requiring efficient cooling with a compact design. Measuring 40x28x40 mm and weighing 53g, it provides reliable performance with a long lifespan of 30000 hours.
9GA0412P6G001
The Sanyo Denki America 9GA0412P6G001 DC FAN offers 14.8 CFM airflow with a noise level of 47 dB. Operating at 12V, it has a speed of 16000 rpm and pressure of 32.512 mmH2O. Ideal for industrial applications requiring efficient cooling in compact spaces with low noise requirements.
F251R-12LLC
Nidec Copal Electronics
F251R-12LLC by Nidec Copal Electronics is an industrial DC fan with 1.412 CFM airflow, 11 dB noise level, and 6500 rpm speed. Ideal for applications requiring low noise levels and efficient cooling in compact spaces. UL approved with dimensions of 25x10x25 mm, weighing only 7g.
6224NM
6224NM by Ebm-papst Mulfingen & Kg is an industrial DC FAN with airflow of 206 CFM and noise level of 50 dB. With a rated voltage of 24V, it operates at speeds up to 2850 rpm. Ideal for cooling applications in various industries due to its axial construction and long life expectancy of 80000 h.
OD4020-24HSS
DC FAN;
OD8025-12LB
Knight Electronics OD8025-12LB is an industrial DC FAN with 26 CFM airflow and 23 dB noise level. With a rated voltage of 12V, it operates at speeds up to 2100 rpm. Ideal for applications requiring efficient cooling in tight spaces with low noise requirements.
RG90-18/56
RG90-18/56 by Ebm-papst Mulfingen & Kg is an AC FAN with airflow of 31.78 CFM, operating at 2200 rpm. With a rated voltage of 230 V and power consumption of 22 W, it's ideal for industrial applications requiring efficient cooling in a compact design. This centrifugal fan has CE and CSA approvals, ensuring reliable performance in temperatures ranging from -30 to 60 °C.
8412NG
Papst
DC FAN; Construction: AXIAL; Bearing Type: SLEEVE; Minimum Operating Temperature: -20 Cel; Maximum Operating Temperature: 70 Cel; Length: 80 mm;
3956M
3956M by Ebm-papst Mulfingen & Kg is an AC FAN with a height of 92mm, width of 25.4mm, and weight of 280g. It has an airflow of 26.5 CFM, operates at a speed of 2150 rpm, and has a noise level of 29 dB. This fan is commonly used in industrial applications for cooling purposes due to its high airflow and low noise levels.
622HH
622HH by Ebm-papst Mulfingen & Kg is an industrial DC FAN with airflow of 32.96 CFM, noise level of 43 dB, and operates at 12V. Ideal for applications requiring efficient cooling in a compact space, such as electronics or machinery systems.
Partstack™ will investigate all reported instances of potential suspect/counterfeit part listings.
4412FM
DC FAN; Construction: AXIAL; Length: 119 mm; Speed: 2400 rpm; Minimum Operating Temperature: -20 Cel; Weight: 175 g;
DC FAN; Construction: AXIAL; Life Expectancy: 80000 h; Minimum Operating Temperature: -20 Cel; Width: 25 mm; Power (Rated): 4.8 W;
4412H
DC FAN; Body Material: GLASS FILLED POLYAMIDE; Construction: AXIAL; Airflow: 141.25 CFM; Height: 119 mm; Voltage (Rated): 12 V;
4412FNH
DC FAN; Body Material: GLASS FILLED PA; Construction: AXIAL; Weight: 240 g; Height: 25.4 mm; Voltage (Rated): 12 V;
4412F/2GL-489
DC FAN; Body Material: GLASS FILLED PBT; Bearing Type: SLEEVE; Speed: 1600 rpm; Length: 119 mm; Voltage (Rated): 12 V;
4412FMD
4412FMD by Ebm-papst Mulfingen & Kg is a DC FAN with airflow of 82 CFM and noise level of 38 dB. It has approvals from CSA, UL, VDE and operates at 12V with a power rating of 3.2W. Ideal for industrial applications requiring efficient cooling in compact spaces.
4412M
4412M by Ebm-papst Mulfingen & Kg is an industrial DC FAN with airflow of 108.3 CFM and noise level of 42 dB. With dimensions of 38x119 mm, it operates at 3300 rpm and has a rated power of 3.8 W. Ideal for cooling systems in various applications due to its high airflow capacity and low noise output.
4412F
DC FAN; Construction: AXIAL; Airflow: 100.1 CFM; Width: 25 mm; Voltage (Rated): 12 V; Height: 119 mm;
4412FGM
DC FAN; Construction: AXIAL; Maximum Operating Temperature: 75 Cel; Voltage (Rated): 12 V; Noise: 38 dB; Speed: 2400 rpm;
DC FAN; Construction: AXIAL; Power (Rated): 3.2 W; Life Expectancy: 80000 h; Length: 119 mm; Maximum Operating Temperature: 75 Cel;
4412L
DC FAN; Body Material: GLASS FILLED PA; Construction: AXIAL; Height: 38 mm; Life Expectancy: 22500 h; Speed: 2700 rpm;
4412F/2M-504
DC FAN; Body Material: PA; Power (Rated): 3.2 W; Height: 25.4 mm; Width: 119 mm; Voltage (Rated): 12 V;
4412/2HHP
DC FAN; Body Material: GLASS FILLED PA; Construction: AXIAL; Weight: 250 g; Bearing Type: BALL; Width: 38 mm;
4412ML
DC FAN; Body Material: GLASS FILLED POLYAMIDE; Construction: AXIAL; Speed: 3000 rpm; Current (Rated): .25 A; Power (Rated): 3 W;
4412FGL
DC FAN; Construction: AXIAL; Length: 119 mm; Power (Rated): 1.3 W; Voltage (Rated): 12 V; Bearing Type: SINTEC;
4412FGML
DC FAN; Construction: AXIAL; Speed: 1950 rpm; Height: 119 mm; Life Expectancy: 80000 h; Length: 119 mm;
4412FG
DC FAN; Construction: AXIAL; Length: 119 mm; Life Expectancy: 80000 h; Speed: 2900 rpm; Noise: 43 dB;
Supply Digital Components
$106.00
$54.25
$11.90
$7.29
Quantity
12,000 In-Stock
Total price ≈ $80,197.29
© 2023 All rights reserved